Management Styles in the Workplace Essays

The executives Styles in the Workplace Essays The executives Styles in the Workplace Essay The executives Styles in the Workplace Essay The executives Styles in the Workplace Reason Statement: My motivation today is to illuminate you on four distinctive administration styles in the working environment. Postulation Statement: It is significant for administrators to comprehend their administration style when certain circumstances emerge in the work place, by realizing your administration style you will improve as a pioneer. Introduction:Have you at any point been told, â€Å"Do it thusly or don’t do it at all?† if so do you realize what kind of initiative or the board style this. Well today, I’m going to illuminate you around four diverse sort regarding the executives styles; just, dictatorial, paternalistic, and free enterprise. Additionally, I will clarify the preferences and hindrances of every administration style.Main Point 1: Democratic Management Style A. What's going on here? a. As indicated by Building a Management Style, Democratic administration manufactures duty among representatives so as to create new thoughts. It is one that looks for contribution from all representatives and permits the staff to utilize their own work techniques, to complete the assignment in a convenient issue. The Democratic Management Style is like the participatory administration style since it produces moderate errand proficiency yet high fulfillment, as per the course book. These two sorts of the board style bring about a transformational initiative methodology as indicated by the distribution by Larry Thompson. This methodology brings about staff strengthening by causing the staff or group to feel that they are a piece of the dynamic procedure, which will rouse your group and produce new thoughts. B. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages a. Points of interest: I. It is individuals focused ii. Urges others to share thoughts iii. Enduring elective perspectives (understanding at there is more than one method of achieving the objective) b. Weaknesses: I. The administrator could be exploited because of representatives not attempting to their maximum capacity. ii. Moderate assignment proficiency iii. Hinder dynamic procedure Central matter 2: Autocratic Management Style A. What's going on here? a. As indicated by Building a Management Style absolutist administrators do a total 180 has far as rewarding his/Her staff. The book expresses this sort of chief is resolute about getting long haul results, and help from others. b. Imperious administration style is fundamentally the same as high mandate authority style concentrated in the course book, for example, profitability is high, with little worry for individuals and their fulfillment level. The absolutist administration style just offers single direction correspondence, and that is through the pioneer. This kind of the executives style falls into the value-based hypothesis as per the distribution by Larry Thompson. B. What are the Advantages and the Disadvantages?a. Points of interest: I. Despite the fact that this kind of the executives style appears to be really strong there are numerous favorable circumstances. As per Managementstyle.org a couple of the points of interest are: 1. Guidelines are forceful,2. can settle on quick choices, 3. less unforeseen divert because of absence of correspondence. b. Disservices: I. With such a Hitler style the board approach there will detriments to utilizing the totalitarian administration style, as indicated by Managementstyle.org, for example, 1. The staff may feel pointless as they are not counseled 2. Contribution from the staff isn't permitted 3. Staff looking out for guidelines (will cause delays) Main Point 3: Paternalistic Management Style A. What's going on here? a. As per learningmanagement2.com the paternalistic administration style is blend of both majority rule and dictatorial administration styles. Paternalistic directors will request the staff perspectives and assessments, which permits them to feel included, however at long last the supervisor will settle on the finial choice. b. As per Dr. Daniel Theyagu, who is a corporate mentor and course pioneer, recommend that by utilizing the paternalistic administration style approach, the pioneer will figure out how to move away from designation to strengthening. I. Dr. Daniel Theyagu recommends pioneers should remain engaged with the improvement of their staff, so the supervisor can know about his/her staff’s needs. ii. It is significant for consistent correspondence, to clear up any vulnerability among the staff and ensure everybody is on a similar level for basic qualities and objective of the undertaking or assignment. iii. Dr. Daniel Theyagu additionally accepts that when individuals feel included they are bound to ‘â€Å"buy in’ the dreams and estimations of the leader.† Main Point 4: Laissez Faire Management Style:A. What's going on here? a. Free enterprise Management style is otherwise called careless initiative style in the course reading. As indicated by the business word reference site, free enterprise the executives styles is a non-dictator way to deal with the executives. This kind of administrator feels that or â€Å"believes that individuals will exceed expectations when they are disregarded to react to their duties and commitments in their own specific manners. B. What are the favorable circumstances and disadvantages?a. Focal points: According to about.com this kind of the board can be very impact in the event that: I. At the point when pioneers are still there for meeting and input ii. Individuals can work alone and still be inspired iii. On the off chance that Members are exceptionally gifted, they don't have to look out for the executives to disclose to them how to finish the errand. b. Hindrances: In many cases the burdens out way the points of interest since I. The absence of direction may leave the st aff feeling dismissed. ii. As per the course book, pioneer take no part in the dynamic procedure and offers little counsel or bearing. End: We are on the whole directors of your own lives, however one day we will be pioneers of others. Vote based administration style permits others to participate in the dynamic procedure. Despotic administration style pioneers decide without respects to other people. Paternalistic takes into consideration others input, yet the choice is still up to the pioneer. Free enterprise the executives style is an additional hands off methodology, and this sort of pioneer style isn't suggested for most circumstances. Comprehending what the various sorts of the executives styles are, and what they mean, this can be an enlightening preferred position to perhaps utilizing certain administration styles in specific references.

Changeling: Film Techniques and Son Essay

Changeling is a 2008 moving movie coordinated by Clint Eastwood. It depends on an American dramatization known as the â€Å"Wineville Chicken Coop†. Christine Collins, played by Angelina Jolie, is a single parent during the 1920s whose child strangely disappears. The film goes on an excursion with Collins driving her to find the corruptness of the Los Angeles Police Department. In spite of the fact that the film fuses numerous plots, the primary story spins around Christine Collins and her unbreakable soul as she endeavors to comprehend the riddle of the abducting of her child. The topic of the film is that through a ghastly catastrophe, a triumphant achievement can come out of it. Besides, it shows that expectation and love can beat all agony and languishing. It is a direct result of the film’s utilization of cinematography, altering, camera development, piece and generally mise en scã ¨ne that the topic of the movie is unmistakably spoken to. The initial grouping of the film gives noteworthy data about the setting and the account. This is cultivated with the utilization of setting up shots. The film starts with a dark setting and plays non-diegetic music. The moderate rhythm music gave by metal instruments gives the film a feeling of an enigmatic impact. Subsequently, we get a dream of what class this film could be. The music likewise helps trigger strain and worry from the crowd. Other than the music, a tear on the dark background is appeared, implying to a miserable, dramatization type. A blur in then brings us into an about dark, practically white building up shot of the city of Los Angeles. The date and area of the shot are given at the focal point of the screen as â€Å"Los Angeles. Walk 8, 1928.† With respect to cinematography, the absence of shading that is given illuminates us that the story happens in the past when everything was introduced on TVs clearly. This happened during the â€Å"Jazz Age,† which additionally clarifies the instrumental music that is playing during the initial arrangement. The cinematography also shows a great part of the California setting and time in which the film happens. The high edge camera starts in the sky and descends towards the traffic, individuals, and different items which make up the setting. The creation set incorporates antiquated vehicles, palm trees, milk trucks, and the unmistakable vintage look of California during the 1920s. As the initial succession becomes dull, we are shipped to the main scene of the film into a house by a camera dish. Collins is unexpectedly stirred by her caution and afterward awakens her child Walter. The utilization of light and shadowing in this scene was very obvious. It demonstrated the delight and love between the mother and child during this scene before a disastrous capturing occurred. As the sun was sparkling splendidly through the window and mother and child were grinning, we figure out the cozy relationship they have for one another and their genuine love. During this scene, the camera edges likewise indicated the caring relationship the them two shared. A prime model is when Walter admired his mom with an upward camera point demonstrating his appreciation for his mom. While Christine took a gander at Walter with a descending camera point to give her appreciation for her son. The trading of exchange between the characters happens straightaway, which additionally invigorat es us a feeling of the of their association. We at that point see the mother and child leaving a streetcar while the camera flawlessly surrounds their incredibly together. A great deal of encircling by windows and entryways is appeared in the film. One model is after the mother and child leave the streetcar and remain by the school. The camera remains in the streetcar and the two figures are flawlessly surrounded by the streetcar window. This is done to make a sentiment of disconnection or forlornness. The crowd is subsequently not allowed into a great deal of individual minutes like the one outside of the school which makes the crowd wonder how the primary character is feeling. The last piece of the scene before her child is hijacked happens when Collins is getting ready to leave for work. This specific second is heightened by the sensational camera development. Collins immovably remains outside the house as her child looks from the window. As she gradually leaves, the camera follows her and pulls from the house. From that par ticular second in the film, that shot would hint the partition the mother and child would before long face. The following scene is when Christine goes into the house and finds that her child is out of nowhere absent. The lighting in the house is exceptionally dull and miserable, which depicts how Collins is feeling at that point. The camera at that point takes an omniscient view when we watch the high edge camera show Collins scanning the house for her child. The vacancy of not just her home is spoken to with this edge yet in addition how she is feeling at that point when she discovers that her child is absent. As she calls the police to report the vanishing of her kid, the camera takes on the omniscient view by and by. The camera is put directly over her ear in which the recipient is held against. This point is done to give an impression of somebody watching Collins decide. We discover that the specialists can't do anything inside the 24-hour window casing of his capturing and this hints the police department’s failure in helping Ms. Collins’ discover her child. The following vital scene is when Collins talks at a gathering tending to the media about the occasions concerning her child. In this particular scene the climate is wet and inauspicious and therefore, the lighting and shading looks tame and cold. The utilization of surrounding lighting in a difficult situation Collins is experiencing and the tragedy she is feeling attempting to persuade the specialists that the kid who was given to her isn't her child. The shading is a blue tone which represents a miserable state of mind. Despite the fact that the utilization of encompassing lighting in the start of the film when Collins was with her child gave a delicate and complimentary impact, it logically changed to an increasingly unflattering impact as the film unfurled. Altering during this scene included a coordinated cut. First we see Christine and afterward the camera shows various perspectives on the activity around her. This altering method was utilized to give a feeling of progression and to feature this significant occasion in her life when she tells society that the Los Angeles Police Department was not carrying out their responsibility appropriately in finding her child. Another scene that fuses many film components is the scene in the police headquarters when Collins keeps on argueing that the kid the specialists provided for her isn't her child. During this scene the lighting was by and by exceptionally dim and it was in any event, coming down. The casing was situated by a window and however you were unable to see the downpour, you could see the shadows of it trickling on the divider. All through a significant part of the film and this scene, downpour was another image of the gloom Collins was experiencing at that point. The lead acting job of Angelina Jolie in this scene included a ton of utilization of non-verbal communication and articulation. She held her hands to her head demonstrating the disappointment she was feeling and that she could no longer keep her feelings packaged up inside. All through a great part of the film, her feelings are not covered up and are shown for amusement, yet they are utilized to incite compassion in the crowd. The utilization of close up shots in this scene was additionally observable to suggest the dread and tension Collins was feeling. While the long shots were utilized to suggest the sentiment of forlornness and division. The key light in this scene was additionally appeared over the police to show female debilitation. During these occasions, females didn't have indistinguishable rights from men and it was unmistakably spoken to in the film through lighting. A model would be the point at which a cop would stroll into the room, the room would abruptly seem darker and this demonstrated the strength they had over Collins. The following huge scene is when Christine is conceded in the psychopathic ward by the experts for perseveringly denying that the kid who was offered back to her was not her child. The scene was dark and it was perhaps the absolute bottom in her life. Be that as it may, when she thought of her child during a positive line of reasoning, the sun would out of nowhere show up and the room would get more brilliant. This lighting decision represented her expectation and that she could never surrender since she felt her child was as yet alive. All through a considerable lot of these significant minutes an altering decision of flashbacking was made to surprise the crowd. One specific flashback happened to show various plots going on when the scene would all of a sudden travel to a farm where all the young men were kept and the sequential executioner was going to pick one to slaughter. This choice by the editorial manager and the chief gave the crowd an unforgiving synchronous perspective on the battles Collins was experiencing and the catastrophe these honest young men were experiencing. During this flashback there was additionally utilization of an inclined point wherein shows a situation of a farm where a man is exiting with a firearm in his grasp. This inclined edge mirrors the lack of clarity of the occasion as a young man (Walter, Collins’ child) is seen fleeing from him. A hand-held camera development is then used to follow the young man running. This is utilized to cause the crowd to feel the point of view of the individual pursuing him, which thus causes the kid to appear to be significantly progressively unprotected. The last remarkable scenes that utilization film components in which show the suffering nature of Collins is the scene at the jail and the absolute last scene when a feeling of conclusion has at long last come. At the point when Collins has a private gathering with the sequential executioner to grill him about the murdering of her child, the room is dull yet the key light is on Jolie. It is fascinating to perceive how the lighting transformed from the gathering with the specialists to this gathering since they no longer ha

Learn About Criminal Justice

Learn About Criminal Justice Imagine a society where there are no laws. Everyone is free to do as they please and no one is held responsible for their actions. Feeling hungry but don’t have any money? Just walk into the nearest café, pull out a gun and ask for a burger. Need to get somewhere but your car is broken? Simply steal your neighbor’s car and get on with your journey.How do you think life would be in such a society? It’s obvious that such a society would be characterized by chaos and violence. It would be survival for the fittest.Humans are social creatures, and to enable us to live in harmony with each other, we have laws that govern what we can or cannot do. The purpose of these laws is to create a safe environment for everyone. They create an environment where you can walk down the street without feeling threatened and interact with others without fear. While they are important in ensuring safety and reducing conflicts in society, laws would be entirely useless if there was no system in place to ensure that these laws are followed and that those who do not follow them are punished.This is where the criminal justice system comes in. The criminal justice system is essentially a combination of government agencies, institutions and processes that are tasked with identifying crimes, apprehending the law breakers and imposing punishment on the law breakers.The criminal justice system is also tasked with minimizing the occurrence of crime, rehabilitating offenders and to some extent, providing moral support to victims of criminal behavior.THE ROLE OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMThe criminal justice system is comprised of different branches, each of which has its own specific roles and functions. However, there are some goals that cut across all branches of the criminal justice system. These include:Pubic protection: It is the role of the criminal justice system to prevent and deter criminal behavior and to make sure that offenders are brought to book.Justice and rule of law: It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system to ensure that defendants are treated properly and fairly.Public order: It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system to ensure that there is public order at all times by maintaining law and social order.Denunciation: The criminal justice system is also tasked with registering social disapproval against certain behaviors.Victim services: The criminal justice system should provide appropriate assistance and advice to victims of criminal behavior.Public confidence: Finally, the criminal justice system should ensure there is confidence in the government’s ability to effectively and fairly deal with any public threat posed by criminals.While these goals cut across all branches of the criminal justice system, different branches will prioritize these goals differently according to specific role played by each branch.BRANCHES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMEven though the criminal justice system is a combination of several dif ferent agencies, institutions and processes, it can be divided into three major branches, based on the different stages a criminal case goes through from inception to punishment.These three branches are law enforcement, the court system and the corrections systems.Law Enforcement If you go outside right now and take a walk down the street, there is a high chance you will come across police officers on patrol. These police officers are part of law enforcement. If you witness a crime, you will probably call 911 and report the crime to law enforcement officers.Law enforcement is the most visible branch of the criminal justice system, owing to the fact that it is the first point of contact between an offender and the criminal justice system. Law enforcement is tasked with helping to prevent crime, taking reports on crimes, arresting offenders, investigating incidences of crime, and gathering and protecting evidence. Law enforcement officers may also be required to give testimony in cour t.The law enforcement branch includes sheriffs and deputies, patrol offices, federal agents, detectives, game and park rangers, and any other offices who comprise the first point of contact between criminals and the criminal justice system.Law enforcement officers are required to be knowledgeable of and to uphold the individual rights of anyone suspected of breaking the law. These rights include search and seizure rights, the Miranda rights, right to know grounds of arrest, and many others. In some cases, law enforcement offices are allowed to use force or other forms of legal coercion when apprehending a suspect or in order to maintain social order. Some instances also give law enforcement officers the power to override some of these rights. For example, an officer is allowed to search a suspect without a warrant if he has reason to believe that evidence is going to be destroyed.In many municipalities, an individual can become a law enforcement officer without having a degree in cr iminal justice. However, this does not downplay the importance of education among law enforcement officers. Various studies show that having an education improves effectiveness in law enforcement offices. According to this paper published in Police Quarterly, police officers with only a high school education of GED are more likely to use force compared to those with a higher education.After arresting a suspected offender, investigating the crime and gathering evidence, law enforcement hands over the offender to the court system.The Court SystemThe court system is tasked with determining the guilt or innocence of the offender, now referred to as the defendant, and determining an appropriate punishment based on the crime that the defendant is charged with. The court system consists of judges, who oversee courts, as well as other individuals such as attorneys, members of the jury, and ancillary court staff.In court, the defendant is given the chance to defend himself against the eviden ce presented by the prosecution. The defendant can be represented by an attorney of own choosing. If the defendant cannot afford an attorney, the court will appoint a counsel to represent him or her.The judge and the jury listen to the evidence presented by the attorneys and then determine whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. The jury should be a representation of a fair-cross section of the community. It is the responsibility of the court to give a fair and unbiased judgment based on all the evidence presented. If the courts find the defendant guilty of committing the crime, the judge gives a sentence or other appropriate punishment and then hand over the defendant to the corrections system.If the guilt of the defendant cannot be proved, he or she is released. Judges are also tasked with the responsibility of accepting or rejecting plea agreements.Just like with law enforcement, the court system is supposed to be knowledgeable of, and to uphold the rights of the defendant. These rights include the right to a jury trial, the right to counsel, the right against incriminating oneself, the right to confront one’s accusers, and many more.CorrectionsIf the defendant is found guilty, he or she is sentenced and then handed over to the corrections systems, which is tasked with the role meting out punishment to the convict. The most common form of punishment is incarceration, especially if the convict was charged with a serious offence. In this case, the convict is sent to a jail or a prison. Prisons house convicts who committed serious felonies and were sentenced to more than one year of incarceration.Jails, on the other hand, are used for offenders who committed less serious offenses, and are usually used to hold offenders who were sentenced to less than one year. In some cases, the offender might be sentenced to probation if the court feels that the offender is not a threat to society.The corrections system consists of corrections officers, probation offic ers, and parole officers. The role of corrections officers is to supervise incarcerated convicts serving time in prison. Probation officers are given the responsibility of supervising offenders who have been sentenced to probation.Probation officers may also be require to conduct presentence investigations to help the courts determine whether the offender is a threat to society, which can in turn help a judge determine whether to have the offender incarcerated or to sentence them to probation. Parole officers are tasked with supervising individuals who have been released early on parole and ensuring that they are adhering to the terms of their parole.The corrections branch of the criminal justice system has five basic goals, which are:Incapacitation: This function of the corrections system aims to prevent future crimes by isolating the offender from society. Incarceration, house arrest and the death sentence are all forms of incapacitation.Deterrence: The aim of deterrence is to urg e citizens and potential offenders to follow the rules of law and to deter people from committing crimes. There are four types of deterrence. Specific deterrence aims at punishing an individual with the aim of deterring them from committing crimes in future. General deterrence hopes to deter others from committing crimes by punishing one individual. Marginal deterrence tries to analyze the effectiveness of different types of punishment in deterring crime, either specifically or generally. The fourth type of deterrence is partial deterrence, which refers to situations where the threat of punishment deters someone engaged in illegal behavior from committing an even bigger offense. It’s good to note that measuring how effective the corrections systems is in deterring crime can be a difficult thing since people may follow the low not because of the threat of punishment, but also because of other factors, such as lack of opportunity or due to religious or moral beliefs.Retribution: The corrections system also aims at preventing crime by providing victims of crime and society at large with a sense of justice or a feeling of satisfaction that appropriate punishment has been meted out to the offender. When society feels that the justice system is working effectively, this is likely to decrease the rate of crime. According to this paper by Dan Nagin, the certainty of punishment for crime deters criminal behavior, even more than the severity of the punishment. Incarceration and fines are a form of retribution.Rehabilitation: The corrections system also tries to help criminals overcome the factors that drove them to commit crimes and tries to act as a bridge to help criminals transition back to society as useful members of the community. The corrections systems does this by helping criminals resolve psychological issues such as aggression and drug addiction and by providing them with occupational skills that they can use to earn a living.Restoration: This is a relative ly new and radically different approach being adopted by the corrections system. The aim of restoration is to create an avenue for an offender to amend the relationship between the offender and the victim, as well as the community where the offender committed the crime. The restoration approach is more common in crimes that involve youth offenders.Just like with the other two branches of the criminal justice system, the corrections system is supposed to observe the rights of convicts, the most important of which is the right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment. The corrections systems is supposed to ensure jails are not overcrowded, to prevent physical abuse of convicts by corrections officers and to provide proper medical care to incarcerated convicts.HOW THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM WORKSThe criminal justice system is a process that follows a number of steps. It begins with the report of a crime and ends with a convicted offender being released from a corrections facility. O f course, the steps may vary depending on the nature of the crime, the age of the offender, as well as other factors. However, most criminal cases generally follow the steps below:Step 1: Entry Into The SystemCrime report: The criminal justice process starts with a crime report. The crime report can come in different ways, such as:An officer who has just heard gun shots while on patrol reports this back to the station before proceeding to investigate or waiting for backup.A person who has just been mugged walks into a police station to report the crime.A person who has witnessed someone breaking into a neighbor’s house calls 911 to report the crime, resulting in officers being sent over to investigate and hopefully apprehend the burglar.Investigation: After a crime has been reported, law enforcement officers start an investigation with the aim of identifying a suspect or gathering evidence that can be used to support an arrest. Part of the investigation might include performing a search of the suspect or their property. Before a search warrant is issued, the enforcement officers need to show probable cause, which means that they need to show facts or apparent facts indicating that the evidence of the crime might be found on a certain person or at a certain place.Arrest or citation: If the law enforcement officers find enough evidence pointing to a suspect in course of the investigation, the officers may take the suspect into custody and hold him until he is produced in court. Before arresting the suspect, law enforcement officers must show a reasonable link between the suspect and the crime. In some instances, mostly in low level crimes, law enforcement officers might issue a citation instead of arresting the suspect. The citation allows the suspect to be released with the promise that he will appear in court at a specified time.Step 2: Prosecution And PretrialCharges: The law enforcement officers who investigated the crime present their evidence to a prosec utor. Depending on the presented evidence, the prosecutor may decide to either file a written charge to kick-start the prosecution or to let the accused go.Arraignment: In the event that formal charges were filed by the prosecutor, the offender is brought before the court where the charges against him and his rights are read out. Depending on the presented evidence, the judge may choose to hold the accused or to let him go. During the arraignment, the accused pleads guilty or not guilty. In case the accused pleads guilty, there is no further need for trial, and a sentence is handed then or later. If the accused’s plea is not guilty, the judge then sets a date for the pretrial. An attorney is also appointed to represent the accused if he does not have one.Bail or bond: After hearing the evidence, the judge will have the accused held in jail if he is deemed to be a flight risk. Otherwise, the judge may release the accused on bond, bail or own recognizance. If the accused is released on bail, they have to deposit some cash or property with the court as a guarantee that they will appear in court for trial. Bail is usually paid in the form of cash or bond. If the accused is released on his own recognizance, it means that accused promised on their own recognizance that they will show up in court for trial.Preliminary hearing: Many states give the accused the right to have a grand jury listen to their case. The prosecutor presents his evidence to the grand jury, which then decides whether the presented evidence is enough to indict the accused. If the evidence is sufficient, the grand jury submits an indictment to the court. In states where the accused does not have the right to a grand jury, he will be presented in front of a judge for a preliminary hearing. If the judge deems the evident against the accused to be sufficient for trial, the accused is formally indicted. If the evidence is not sufficient, the judge may release the accused. During the preliminary hear ing, it is the burden of the government to prove that there is enough evidence that a crime was committed and that it was committed by the accused.Step 3: AdjudicationPlea Bargain: Many cases do not get to trial. Instead, they are resolved by plea bargain. This is an arrangement where the accused agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in exchange for some concession from the prosecutor. In many cases, the accused pleads guilty to one of several charges or to a less serious charge. In exchange, the prosecutor dismisses the other charges or recommends that the court give a more lenient sentence. A plea bargain saves the accused the time and expenses associated with defending himself at trial and the risk of being convicted on a more serious charge at trial. In most cases, plea bargains are subject to the court’s approval.Trial: If the accused did not enter into a plea bargain, the case goes to trial. The trial can either be a jury trial (judge and jury) or a bench trial (judg e). During the trial, evidence is presented by both the prosecutor and the defense attorney. Both are also allowed to question witnesses and to issue their closing statements to the court. Based on the evidence presented, the judge or jury may decide that the accused is either guilty or not guilty. If the accused is found guilty, a date is set for sentencing. If the accused is found not guilty, he gets released.Step 4: Post-TrialSentencing: During the sentencing, the charges and the verdict will be read out in court and the prosecutor and defense attorney given a chance to present different aspects of the case â€" the impact on the victims, the circumstances of the offense, the offender’s circumstances and so on. The judge considers these aspects to give a sentence that is fair and proportionate. Some options that the judge has when it comes to sentencing include restitution, probation, fines, imprisonment, or the death penalty.Appeals: If the defense feels a certain aspect of the trial was not handled properly, they may file an appeal with the appellate courts. The appellate court reviews the details of the case and decides whether to uphold the results of the case or to reverse the case. If the appellate court reverses the case, the previous trial because moot. It is up to the prosecutor to decide whether he will refile the case or drop the charges.Punishment and rehabilitation: If the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment, he is sent to local, state or federal correctional facilities to serve his time. The inmate remains incarcerated until he has served his maximum sentence, or until an early release mechanism is activated, such as a pardon or a parole. It is important to note that most incarcerated convicts get released without serving their complete terms.WRAPPING UPIf you do not work within the criminal justice system, it might appear to be intimidating, overwhelming and confusing. However, as you might have noticed while reading this article, it is not really that complicated. Knowing about the criminal justice system is important. If you ever find yourself as a victim to a crime, you will be aware of what to expect throughout the whole process.

Professionalism in the Workplace of Nursing Essay - 698 Words

In a highly respected profession such as nursing, professionalism is an important element to staying employed and setting one’s self apart from the rest of the applicants when competing for a potential job. By definition professionalism are the qualities and traits that describe a professional. While knowledge is crucial in any profession, according to an article published by the University of Kansas (2012), â€Å"all medical professionals must strive to retain those humanistic qualities integrity, respect, and compassion that constitute the essence of professionalism.† Whether you work in a hospital or administration these three qualities encompass the core of nursing and exemplify what it means to be a professional. Integrity is the†¦show more content†¦Even if no one found out about this mistake, eventually it could happen again if you don’t take the necessary steps to correct your mistake, and this time it could be deadly for your patient. Being respectful and considerate to your patient is necessary for providing excellent patient care. It is also important to be respectful and considerate to your colleagues; arriving on time, being a team player, doing above the minimum as often as you can are all excellent ways to show this. It is essential to ensure that the workplace is an â€Å"environment in which all colleagues enjoy equal respect and where they can advance to their full potential.† (Professionalism initiative, 2012) If everyone treated their colleagues with respect, it would make the workplace very hospitable and help provide better patient care, which is the main purpose of nursing. An environment without respect can become hostile and impair the growth of your colleagues and yourself which can lead to giving substandard care to your patients and their families. Compassion is a crucial aspect of nursing; it involves seeing the patients as more than just a medical problem. Patients look to nurses as a source of comfort to help them deal with their emotions and understand their medical problems. In Norway, a study was conducted to find the role of compassion in nursing andShow MoreRelated Professionalism in Nursing Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesethical standards of a profession (2) : exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally businesslike manner in the workplace. Being professional should be a subconscious effort in the fact that it should always be applied. When employees are professional it helps the system run more efficiently and safely. A person must me a certain criteria when being evaluated on professionalism, a person is judged based on the clients; Attitude, Values, Communication techniques, and approachability. Clients whoRead MoreNursing Is A Code Of Conduct Or Ethics Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagestreated and impacted. N ursing requires characteristics of professionalism that are detrimental to the outcome of patient care and safety. In the early 1800s, nursing was considered as a position held by people that were dishonest, unfavorable and illiterate. This all changed after Florence Nightingale entered the nursing field. According to Lee, Clark and Thompson (2013), Nightingale’s core purpose was cleanliness. She introduced sanitary and hygienic practices as basic nursing skills, which consistedRead MoreThe Nursing And Midwifery Board Of Australia1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) plays an important governing role in the nursing profession and it has developed many guidelines and policies to ensure the better practices of registered nurses and nursing students undertaking their clinical practice within Australia. The Nurses guide to professional boundaries (2010) clarifies the professional boundaries that nurses working in Australia must be prepared to achieve to be the best nurse possible. 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Cultural Morality Comparative Analysis between a Fine...

Cultural Morality Comparative Analysis between A Fine Balance and the Poisionwood Bible Cultural relativism really emphasizes the concept that each individual cultural belief differs from one societal class to another; in consequence, moral and ethical principles are related to what a certain culture perceives to be considered acceptable or unacceptable, right or wrong. Jack Donnelly, a teacher at the University of Denver, he states, when internal and external judgments of a practice diverge, an uncontrollable rivalry, cultural relativists give priority to be the internal judgements of a society (89). Cultural relativism correlates with the idea that ones own personal religious belief is above anyone elses, thus, all beliefs in†¦show more content†¦She critiques European and American imperialist policies toward Africa, oppressive patriarchal attitudes toward women, racial oppression in the American Sourh, and alienation cultural assumptions about disabled people. Her usage of Nathan and his family symbolizes the western world as she deploys her political age nda. Nathan Price; the father of the Price family, exhibits an extreme part of the arrogance and the ethnocentrism of America. As the dictator of the family, he represents the American government. His family clearly shows they do not want to stay in the Congo but yet he idiotically refuses similarly to an American government that is purposefully blind to its own corruption. Smith also says, Prices extreme obsession, which leads eventually to abandoning his family, to insanity or at least insane behaviour, and death is the outcome of his desperate need to maintain his social gendered and nationalistic supremacy. The rest of the family symbolizes the people as Nathan controls them like a government. As the story continues, Leah, Adah and Ruth May all depict various ways people handle the government. Ruth May, young and oblivious, believes that everything her father did was right, however it is not entirely her fault, much like most people who are ignorant towards the issues of ethnoce ntrism. In conclusion, Ruth May faces death for het ignorance. Ruth May doesnt avoid the snakes as one who is familiar

Assessment and Care Planning Holistic Assessment Free Essays

string(104) " the type of the house she lives in helps to indicate how the patient is going to cope after discharge\." Introduction This essay deals with the holistic assessment of a patient who was admitted onto the medical ward where I undertook my placement. Firstly, the relevant life history of the patient will be briefly explained. Secondly, the Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing that was used to assess the care needs of the patient will be discussed, and then the assessment process will be analysed critically. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment and Care Planning: Holistic Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identified areas of need will be discussed in relation to the care given and with reference to psychological, social, and biological factors as well as patho-physiology. Furthermore, the role of inter-professional skills in relation to care planning and delivery will be analysed, and finally the care given to the patient will be evaluated. Throughout this assignment, confidentiality will be maintained to a high standard by following the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct (2008). No information regarding the hospital or ward will be mentioned, in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. The pseudonym Kate will be used to maintain the confidentiality of the patient. The Patient Kate, a lady aged 84, was admitted to a medical ward through the Accident and Emergency department. She was admitted with asthma and a chest infection. She presented with severe dyspnoea, wheezing, chest tightness and immobility. Kate is a patient known to suffer from chronic chest infections and asthma, with which she was diagnosed when she was young. She takes regular bronchodilators and corticosteroids in the form of inhalers and tablets. Kate lives on her own in a one bedroom flat. She has a daughter who lives one street away and visits her frequently. Her daughter stated that Kate has a very active social life; she enjoys going out for shopping using a shopping trolley. Assessment of the Patient Assessment Theory In this ward, the Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing, which reflects on the twelve activities of living, is used as a base for assessing patients (Alabaster 2011). These activities are â€Å"maintaining safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, elimination, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobility, working and playing, sexuality, sleeping, and dying† Holland (2008, p.9). Elkin, Perry and Potter (2007) outlined nursing process as a systematic way to plan and deliver care to the patient. It involves four stages: assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Assessment is the first and most critical step of the nursing process, in which the nurse carries out a holistic assessment by collecting all the data about a patient (Alfaro-Lefevre 2010). The nurse uses physical assessment skills to obtain baseline data to manage patients’ problems and to help nurses in the evaluation of care. Data can be collected through observation, physical assessment and by interviewing the patient (Rennie 2009). A complete assessment produces both subjective and objective findings (Wilkinson 2006). Holland (2008) defines subjective data as information given by the patient. It is obtained from the health history and relates to sensations or symptoms, for example pain. Subjective data also includes biographical data such as the name of the patient, address, next of kin, religion etc. Holland defines objective data as observable data, and relates it to signs of the disease. Objective data is obtained from physical examination, for example of blood pressure or urine. Before assessment takes place, the nurse should explain when and why it will be carried out; allow adequate time; attend to the needs of the patient; consider confidentiality; ensure the environment is conducive; and consider the coping patterns of the patient (Jenkins 2008). The nurse should also introduce herself to help reduce anxiety and gain the patient’s confidence. During assessment, the nurse needs to use both verbal and non-verbal communication. Using non-verbal communication means that she should observe the patient, looking at the colour of the skin, the eyes, and taking note of odour and breathing. An accurate assessment enables nursing staff to prioritise a patient’s needs and to deal with the problem immediately it has been identified (Gordon 2008). Documentation is also very important in this process; all information collected has to be recorded either in the patient’s file or electronically (NMC, 2009b). Carrying out the Assessment Kate was allocated a bed within a four-bed female bay. Her daughter was with her at the bedside. Gordon (2008) stated that understanding that any admission to hospital can be frightening for patients and allowing them some time to get used to the environment is important for nursing staff. Kate’s daughter was asked if she could be present while the assessment was carried out, so that she could help with some information, and she agreed. Alfaro-Lefevre (2008) recommended that nursing assessments take place in a separate room, which respects confidentiality, and that the patient be free to participate in the assessment. Although there was a room available, Kate’s daughter said it was fine for the assessment to take place at the bedside because her mother was so restless and just wanted to be next to her. The curtains were pulled around the bed, though William and Wilkins argued that it ensures visual privacy only and not a barrier to sound. NMC (2009a) acknowledges this, along with the need to speak at an appropriate volume when asking for personal details to maintain confidentiality. The assessment form that was used during Kate’s assessment addressed personal details and the twelve activities of living. A moving and handling assessment form was also completed because of her immobility. First, personal details such as name, age, address, nickname, religion, and housing status were recorded. Information was also recorded about any agency involved, along with next of kin and contact details, and details of the general practitioner. Holland (2008) stated that these details should be accurate and legible so that, in case of any concerns about the patient, the next of kin can be contacted easily. The name and age are also vital in order to correctly identify the patient to avoid mistakes. Knowing what type of a job the patient does or the type of the house she lives in helps to indicate how the patient is going to cope after discharge. You read "Assessment and Care Planning: Holistic Assessment" in category "Essay examples" Holland also insisted that religion s hould be known in case the patient would like to have some privacy during prayers, and this should be included in the care plan. The second assessment to be done focused on physical assessment and the activities of living. Barrett, Wilson and Woollands (2009) suggested that when enquiring about the activities of living, two elements should be addressed: usual and current routines. Additionally, identifying a patient’s habits will help in care planning and setting goals. During physical assessment, when objective data was collected, Kate demonstrated laboured and audible breath sounds (wheezing) and breathlessness. Use of accessory muscles and nose flaring was also noted. She was agitated and anxious. Her vital signs were: blood pressure 110/70; pulse 102 beats /min; respirations 26/min; temperature 37.4 degrees Celsius; oxygen saturation 88%; peak flow 100 litres; weight 60kg; and body mass index 21. Taking and recording observations is very important and is the first procedure that student nurses learn to do. These observations are made in order to detect any signs of deterioration or progress in the p atient’s condition (Field and Smith 2008). Carpenito-Moyet (2006) stated that it is important to take the first observations before any medical intervention, in order to assist in the diagnosis and to help assess the effects of treatment. Kate’s initial assessment was carried out in a professional way, taking account of the patient’s particular circumstances, anxieties and wishes. After the baseline observations were taken, the twelve activities of living were analysed and Kate’s needs were identified. Among the needs identified, breathing and personal hygiene (cleansing) will be explored. Identified Care Needs Breathing Wilkinson (2006) states that a nursing diagnosis is an account about the patient’s current health situation. The normal breathing rate in a fit adult is 16-20 respirations/minute, but can go up to 30 due to pain, anxiety, pyrexia, sepsis, sleep and old age (Jenkins 2008). In old people, muscles become less efficient, resulting in increasing efforts to breathe, causing a high respiratory rate. On assessment, Kate’s problem was breathing that resulted in insufficient intake of air, due to asthma. She was wheezing, cyanosed, anxious and had shortness of breath. Wilkinson (2006) explained that a goal statement is a quantifiable and noticeable criterion that can be used for evaluation. The goal statement in this case would be for Kate to maintain normal breathing and to increase air intake. The prescription of care for Kate depended on the assessment, which was achieved by monitoring her breathing rate, rhythm, pattern, and saturation levels. These were documented hourly, comparing the readings with initial readings to determine changes and to report any concerns. The other part of the plan was to give psychological care to Kate by involving her in her care and informing her about the progress, in order to reduce anxiety. Barrett, Wilson and Woollands (2012) stated that it is very important to give psychological care to patients who are dyspnoeic because they panic and become anxious. Checking and recording of breathing rate and pattern is very important because it is the only good way to assess whether this patient is improving or deteriorating, and it can be a very helpful method for nurses to evaluate whether or not the patient is responding to treatment (Jamieson 2007). Mallon (2010) stated that, if the breathing rate is more than 20, it indicates the need for oxygen. Blows (2001), however, argued that this can happen even after doing exercise, not only in people with respiratory problems. Griffin and Potter (2006) stated that, respirations are normally quiet, and therefore if they are audible it indicates respiratory disease. Nurses needs to be aware of these sounds and what they mean, for example a wheezing sound indicates bronchiole constriction. Kate’s breathing was audible and the rate was also above normal and that is why breathing was prioritised as the first need. Oxygen saturation level was also monitored with the use of a pulse oximeter. The normal saturation level is 95-99% (British National Formulary ((BNF)) 2011a). Nevertheless the doctor said that 90-95% was fine for Kate, considering her condition and her age. Kate was started on two litres of oxygen and she maintained her oxygen saturation between 90 and 94%. The peak expiratory flow was monitored and recorded to identify the obstructive pattern of breathing that takes place in asthma (Hilton, 2005). This is another method that is used to assess the effectiveness of the medication (inhalers) the asthmatic patient is taking, and this test should be carried out 20 minutes after medication is administered. It is the Trust’s policy to do hourly observations on patients who have had one, two or three abnormal readings, until readings return to normal. Kate was observed for any blueness in the lips and tongue and for oral mucosa as this could be a sign of cyanosis. All the prescribed nebulisers, inhalers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics and oxygen therapy were administered according to the doctor’s instructions. Bronchodilators are given to dilate the bronchioles constricted due to asthma, and corticosteroids reduce inflammation in the airway (BNF 2011b). Kate was also started on antibiotics to combat the infection because, on auscultation, the doctor found that the chest was not clear. Kate was nursed in an upright position using pillows and a profiling bed in order to increase chest capacity and facilitate easy respiratory function by use of gravity (Brooker and Nicol, 2011). In this position, Kate was comfortable and calm while other vital signs were being checked. Pulse rate and blood pressure were also being checked and recorded because raised pulse can indicate an infection in the blood. Cleansing Due to breathlessness and loss of mobility it was difficulty for Kate to maintain her personal hygiene. Hygiene is the practice of cleanliness that is needed to maintain health, for example bathing, mouth washing and hair washing. The skin is the first line of defence, so it is vital to maintain personal cleansing to protect the inner organs against injuries and infection (Hemming 2010). Field and Smith (2008) stated that personal cleansing also stimulates the body, produces a sense of well-being, and enables nurses to assess the patient holistically. Personal hygiene is particularly important for the elderly because their skin becomes fragile and more prone to breaking down (Holloway and Jones 2005). Therefore this need was very important for Kate; she needed to maintain her hygiene as she used to, before she was ill. The goal for meeting this need was to maintain personal hygiene and comfort. The care plan prescribed involved first gaining consent from Kate, explaining what was going to be done. Hemming (2010) recommended that identifying the patient’s usual habit is very important because each individual has different ideas about hygiene due to age, culture or religion. Identifying usual habits helps individuals to maintain their social life if things are done according to their wishes. Though Hemming said all human beings need personal hygiene, Holland (2008) argued that it is important to ask patients how they feel about being cleaned, especially in private areas. Kate indicated that she didn’t mind being assisted with washing and dressing. She preferred washing daily, shower and a hair wash once a week, and a mouth wash every morning and before going to bed. Kate was assisted with personal care 5-10 minutes after having her medication, especially the nebuliser. Individuals with asthma experience shortness of breath whenever they are physically active (Ritz, Rosenfield and Steptoe 2010). After having medication Kate was able to participate during personal hygiene. According to NMC guidelines on confidentiality (2009a), privacy and dignity should be maintained when giving care to patients. Therefore, whenever Kate was being assisted with personal care, it was ensured that the screens were closed and she was properly covered. Field and Smith (2008) suggested that assisting a patient with personal hygiene is the time that nurses can assess the patient holistically. Since Kate was immobile, it was very important to check her pressure areas for any redness. She was also checked for any pallor, jaundice, cyanosis or dry skin that needed attention. The care was always carried out according to her wishes. The Role of Inter-Professional Skills Considering Kate’s age and condition, she needed multi-professional teamwork. NMC (2008) encourages teamwork to maintain good quality care. Kate was referred to the respiratory nurse who is specialised in helping people with breathing problems. Since Kate was on oxygen since admission, the respiratory nurse taught her the importance of healthy breathing and taught her some breathing exercises to help wean her from oxygen. Kate was also referred to the physiotherapist who did breathing exercises with her. Kate was not able to walk without aid so she was also referred to the occupational therapy department to assess how she was going to manage at home, or if she required aids to help her manage the activities of living. Upon meeting together, all the multi-disciplinary team agreed that Kate needed a care package, as she could no longer live without care. She was referred to social services so that they could assess this aspect of Kate’s future. After one week Kate was medically fit but could not go home because she was waiting for the care package to be ready. Her nurse shared information with the multi-disciplinary team in order to establish continuity of care for Kate. The team prepared for her discharge: the occupational therapy staff went to visit her home to check if there was enough space for her walking frame; social services arranged for a care package; and her nurses referred her to the district nurse to help her with her medication and make sure it did not run out. Outcome Kate responded well to the medication she was prescribed; normal breathing was maintained, her respirations became normal, ranging from 18 to 20 respirations per minute, and her oxygen saturation ranged from 95% to 99%. Kate was able to wash and dress herself with minimal assistance. She was discharged on a continuous care package comprising care three times a day, and the district nurse helped her with the medication to control her asthma. Evaluation The model of the twelve activities of living was followed successfully on the whole. The nurse collected subjective and objective data, allowing a nursing diagnosis to be formulated, goals to be identified and a care plan to be constructed and implemented. Privacy is very important in carrying out assessments, and this was not achieved fully in Kate’s assessment. However, this lower level of privacy has to be balanced against causing anxiety to the patient. Kate’s daughter thought that the bedside assessment would be more comfortable for her mother, and therefore cause least anxiety. This was very important because of the effects of potential panic on breathing; therefore, this was the correct balance to strike. A multi-disciplinary team was involved in meeting Kate’s care goals. This is a good example of the use of inter-professional skills, as a number of different departments were involved in creating and implementing the care plan. However, the system was not as efficient as it should have been: Kate spent unnecessary time in hospital after recovery because the care plan was not yet in place. Assessment can also take a long time, especially with the elderly who are usually slow to respond. Therefore, more time is needed to be sure that the necessary progress has been achieved before taking further steps. However, poor staffing also affects performance in this area, an observation supported by the Royal College of Nursing (2012). In conclusion, the assessment of this patient was completed successfully, and the deviation from best practice recommendations (the lower level of privacy) was justified by the clinical circumstances. Progress from assessment to care goals was good, and at this point an inter-disciplinary team was used successfully. However, the one flaw in this process was delays, caused partly by the difficulties of working across different departments, and partly, it seems, by staff shortages. Reference List Alabaster, C.S (2011) ‘Care and rehabilitation of people with long term conditions’ in Brooker, C. and Nicol, M. (eds) (2011) Alexander’s Nursing Practice (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone.. Chapter 32 Alfaro–LeFevre, R. (2008) Critical thinking and clinical judgment: A practical approach to outcome-focused thinking (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders. Barrett, D., Wilson, B. and Woollands, A. (2009) Care Planning: A Guide for Nurses (2nd ed). Harlow: Pearson Education. Chapter 2. Blows, W. T. (2001) The Biological Basis of Nursing: Clinical Observations. London: Routledge. British National Formulary (2011a) Oxygen. London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary (2011b) Corticosteroids. London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Brooker, C. and Nicol, M. (eds) (2011) Alexander’s Nursing Practice (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2006) Handbook of Nursing Diagnosis (11th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Doughty, L. and Lister, S. (eds) (2008) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures (student edition) (7th ed). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Elkin, M. K., Perry, A. G. and Potter, P. A. (2007). Nursing Interventions and Clinical Skills. Philadelphia: Mosby. Field, L. and Smith, B. (2008). Nursing Care (2nd ed). Harlow: Pearson Education. Gordon, M., (2008). Nursing Assessment and Diagnostic Reasoning. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis company. Griffin, A., Potter, P. (2006) Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques (6th ed). Philadelphia: Mosby Hemming, L. (2010). ‘Personal Cleansing and Dressing’ in I. Peate (ed) Nursing Care and the Activities of Living. (2nd ed). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Chapter 9. Hilton, A. (2003) Fundamental Nursing Skills. London: John Wiley Sons Holland, K., (2008) ‘An introduction to the Roper-Logan-Tierney model for nursing, based on Activities of Living’ in Holland, K., Jenkins, J., Solomon, J. and Whittam, S. (eds). Applying the Roper, Logan and Tierney Model in Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone. Chapter 1, pp.9-10. Holloway, S. and Jones, V. (2005). ‘The importance of skin care and assessment’ in the British Journal of Nursing Dec 2005-Jan 2006 14(22): 1172-6. Jamieson, E. Whyte, L. A. and McCall, J. A. (2002) Clinical Nursing Practices. London: Churchill Livingstone. Jenkins, J., (2008) ‘Breathing’ in Holland, K., Jenkins, J., Solomon, J and Whittan, S. (eds) Applying the Roper, Logan and Tierney Model in Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone. Chapter. 5. Mallon, S. (2010) ‘Breathing’ in I. Peate (ed) Nursing Care and the Activities of Living (2nd ed). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Chapter 8. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code of Conduct. London: NMC. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Publications/Standards/The-code/Introduction/ Accessed 24/05/2012 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009a) The Code of Conduct: Confidentiality. London: NMC. Available at: (http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Confidentiality/) Accessed 24/05/2012 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009b) Record Keeping: Guidance for Nurses and Midwives. London: NMC. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Guidance/nmcGuidanceRecordKeepingGuidanceforNursesandMidwives.pdf Accessed 24/5/2012 Rennie, I. (2009). ‘Exploring approaches to clinical skills development in nursing education’ in Nursing Times 105: 3, 20-22. Available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/exploring-approaches-to-clinical-skills-development-in-nursing-education/1973990.article Accessed 14/05/2012 Ritz, T., Rosenfield, D. and Steptoe, A. (2010) ‘Physical activity, lung function, and shortness of breath in daily life of asthma patients’ in Chest 138(4), 913-918. Royal College of Nursing (2012) Safe staffing for older people’s wards. Available at: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/439399/Safe_staffing_for_older_people_V3.pdf Accessed: 24/05/2012 Wilkinson, J. M. (2006) Nursing Process and Critical Thinking. (4th ed). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Assessment and Care Planning: Holistic Assessment, Essay examples

The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision

Introduction Non Governmental Organizations, also known as NGOs, are voluntary organizations that are legally constituted and operated independently from government’s influence. Non Governmental Organizations may be partially sponsored by the government or fully sponsored by individuals and private organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those that are partially sponsored by the government usually pursue social interests that have political aspects. It should be noted however, that such Non Governmental Organizations, are not political organizations. Thus, they are very different from political parties. On the other hand those Non Governmental Organizations that are fully sponsored by individuals or other private organizations do not have anything to do with the government apart from providing social welfare services to particular communities. Non Governmental Organizations vary in their methods of operations with some acting as lobby groups and others engaging in activities such as conducting programs. Such programs include poverty alleviation in which the Non Governmental Organizations provide people with the necessary equipment and crucial practical skills so that the poor can find food, clean water and appropriate housing by themselves. Lobbyists on the other hand are human rights groups who deal with matters of rights violations. It is crucial to state in this work that Non Governmental Organizations play a primary role in project management. This means that they are directly involved in the management of their programs to ensure openness and thorough implementations. It is in this area of project management that the NGOs get involved in formulation of the structures of decision making and management in various sectors such as urb an development. NGOs usually work directly with particularly vulnerable communities in making sure that they access the necessary goods and services for their welfare. Development in a Globalizing World Non Governmental Organizations are directly involved in shaping of socioeconomic structures in a community. They have continued to increase in popularity as means of improving the quality of life among the vulnerable population. This is the reason why Non Governmental Organizations have been considered as advocates for development in a globalizing world (Rugendyke 2007: 5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fact comes about because of comparative advantages the NGOs enjoy over other organizations that are mainly headed by the governments. These advantages include their flexibility and high level of innovations. They respond to need more quickly than bilateral and multilate ral donors. They can implement projects at lower costs than other aid delivery organizations. Non Governmental Organizations are more likely to work with local institutions and also emphasize processes of change and skills learnt instead of providing quantified and tangible goods like the official donors. They also take risks associated with working in physically remote areas, government-neglected sectors or other areas that are politically unpopular (Rugendyke 2007: 5-6). Another factor that makes Non Governmental Organizations to increase in popularity as agents of development in the globalizing world is that they have better links with the neediest groups in financially handicapped populations throughout the world. NGOs are not constrained by having to work through governments. They have the capability of working directly with the vulnerable populations using participatory approaches especially in identification and implementation of projects. They have a longer experience of wor king with the local population thereby processing a more accurate knowledge and understanding of local needs and capabilities (Rugendyke 2007: 5-6). They can engage in lobbying and championing for greater global equity and social justice because they are independent from governments interferences. The Intrinsic Advantages of NGOs Non Governmental Organizations enjoy some intrinsic advantages that aid in their operations. These advantages also cushion them against unfair competition from the government organizations and other donor agencies. This is because NGOs depend mainly on well wisher’s contributions who are individuals. Thus, they may sometimes be faced with financial challenges. It is these intrinsic advantages that help NGOs to remain afloat in taking care of the needs of the vulnerable populations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One advantage is that NGOs are less constrained and enjoy the accessibility to modern means of relaying information (Turner 1988: 169-181). Despite political threats experienced in many countries, NGOs are free to say and publish anything they wish. Since they are not involved in internal government’s affairs, NGO staffs are not subject to official or diplomatic secret acts. Usually, the NGO staffs have personal contacts with the news people, a fact further boosted by their high literacy levels. Thus, they can share information and experiences pretty easily. Another advantage the NGOs enjoy is that they have the freedom of communication. For this reason, it is quite easier for them to identify and get into contact with individuals and groups who are involved with the same activities, or who share the same views. Thus, they can organize meetings with specific people they would like to reach. For this reason, it becomes less costly for NGOs to exchange information and services. It has also been a growing trend of increase in trust of NGOs by the vulnerable populations such as the poor and the oppressed. This is because they are relatively independent from both the state and the market forces (Turner 1988: 169-181). Bilateral and multilateral NGOs usually have greater influence if they are based in a nation that is dependent on their trade, aid, as well as political protection. NGOs can therefore act as mediators between parties that do not trust each other due to the atmosphere of hostility prevailing between them. The above three intrinsic advantages of NGOs make it possible for them to be able to co-ordinate the roles of public agencies in project management. This is mostly achieved when the NGOs assume the role of managers, or as community developers. The mediating aspect of NGOs also enables them to act in different sectors. This further enables them to be more responsive to the different demands and activities of a local community like job creation, education and healthcare provision (Turner 1988: 169-181).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contributions of NGOs in Developing Countries through Reformation of Land Policies and Housing Development The necessity of reforms comes in the wake of the period in which the journey toward the lawful acquisition of a plot of land is long and full of confusion. This is because the process involves access to land, registration of land and the acquisition of permission to develop the land which involves a lot of time. In short, the whole process is unduly cumbersome and it involves costly procedures which make the legal system very difficult to access. In many developing countries, Non Governmental Organizations aid in the process of acquisition of lands. It should be noted however, that such land that is acquired by many NGOs in developing countries are mainly communal lands. This means that the acquired land is used for community purposes. It is in these lands that buildings that house community development agencies, NGO offices and other matters of concern to the NGO’s pro grams are built. Voluntary organizations such as specific traditional authorities constitute important interest groups. These groups form a part of the official land management procedures. In the past, many African societies were caught in between the government and such interest groups. This is because the interest groups were more social oriented. However, these groups have continued to shift their modes of approaches from a social to an economic, more market oriented approach (Farvacque McAuslan 1992: VII). Hence major developments related to policy framework concerned with urban infrastructural development have been achieved through the use of voluntary agencies. Non Governmental Organizations have been involved in helping vulnerable communities acquire land. The aid usually comes in form of subsidized cost, less registration procedures and legislative assistance that decrease the amount of resources the target group can use. It is after this process of easier land acquisition that urban communities engage in development activities that include building of their own urban houses. Non Governmental Organizations have also partnered with governments in many urban housing projects that provide poor city dwellers with cheaper rental houses. In many countries in the world, the private sector has been closely involved with the government in building cheaper houses in cities. In Singapore for example, the government has partnered with private sectors in designing and developing diverse kinds of houses in order to expand the range of models available. In this situation the government has authorized the private sector to participate in designing and developing public housing so that urban dwellers may be able to access cheaper housing. As a result of this cooperation, the proportion of owned to rented public dwellings has grown steadily, expanding from 42 per cent in 1980 to 64 per cent 1985, and reaching 80 per cent in 1990 (Shigetomi 2002: 204). In addition to th e above involvements, NGOs have also played a major role in disaster management and reconstructions. A god example is the reconstruction projects of the December 2004 Tsunami in the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The adverse effects of the earthquake led to the more than four hundred agencies flooding into the area with funding and promise of brighter future (Fengler and Kharas 2010: 44). This is a good example that shows the importance of NGO synergies in reconstruction and project management in an urban set up. There are several proposed policies for NGOs that aid in provision of housing for the poorest income group. NGOs are usually encouraged to help the capacity building of the urban poor. They also aid in slum improvement projects. Another way that the NGOs would come in handy is by building cooperative housing. The NGOs in partnership with the government can act as guarantors against loan for housing for the poor. The Role of NGOs for Low Income Groups The society can be cat egorized into three sub sectors. The sub sectors include the state, the market and the voluntary sector. At this particular instance, the voluntary sector shall be discussed in a brief but comprehensive manner. The voluntary sector engulfs the civil societies including Non Governmental Organizations. It is worth noting that NGOs are independent organizations that seek neither coercion nor profit to implement their programs. That is why they are also called non-profit organizations. The role of non profit organization depends heavily on politics and the system of governance prevailing in a particular country. Thus democratization improves the performance of Non Governmental Organizations. Governments can enact some macro-policy reforms which can improve the activities of Non Governmental Organizations. These policies include alteration of interest rates and exchange rates, and removal of bureaucratic barriers. This will enhance the growth and development of non profit organizations s uch as co-operatives. Many Non Governmental Organizations will also respond and co-work with the government if the particular government’s policy reflects that of alleviating the sufferings of a particular vulnerable population. Non Governmental Organizations have also been involved in propagating conscientization ideologies to the poor so that their actions are not just to improve the living standards of the poor but also to help the poor to perceive their exploitation and to decipher the opportunities available for overcoming such exploitation through mass organization (Clark 1991: 36). Non Governmental Organizations are known to supplement the government’s responsibilities in many sectors related to development and welfare. The roles they play are very crucial to a country’s development in infrastructure and real estate. It is therefore not coincidental that most NGOs target the poor who reside mainly in cities (Rahman Not Dated: 18). This is because in most developing countries, most urban areas are characterized by lack of proper housing. The main suppliers of housing are private entrepreneurs. The typical housing facilities in such areas are usually costly due to the demand. Many governments in such countries are thus unable to meet the huge housing demands thereby involving the Non Governmental Organizations which engage a participatory approach to deliver shelter and credits to these populations (Rahman Not Dated: 17). It is through such initiatives that middle income units and low income units are built. Many NGOs are thus involved in providing credits to the poor so that they can purchase the housing units (Nenova 2010: 19). Problems of NGOs in Housing the Urban Poor Non governmental Organizations also have a share of their challenges just like other organizations. Many movements have been engaged in logistic and diplomatic battles when they want to implement certain projects. The problems involve resistance from the status quo. The status quo includes a section of the people within the community in question. These people may challenge the implementation of NGOs’ programs because they may feel threatened especially if the program in question is one that involves their particular interest. Some government agencies may also prove to be firm stumbling blocks especially if the system of governance does not provide specific and firm legislation concerning particular interests. In many instances, Non Governmental Organizations have found it quite challenging to persuade residents of a particular vulnerable community to cooperate with each other. This is especially evident in a multicultural society within an urban set up. Even if such persuasion becomes successful, the particular project may be faced with a successive challenge emanating from the complex intertwining interests of the community. This is because many people will want to see the returns of a Non Governmental program within short periods. Anot her challenge comes in during the implementation phase of a particular project. Many residents who are comfortable with the status quo often give the implementers a hard time in changing from one aspect of life to the other. For instance, many slum residents may resist the demolition of their houses even if they have been offered cheaper and better housing elsewhere. Such problems were experienced in Korea during the 1980s, when Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) was engaged in poverty alleviation and housing improvements in the slums (Ha 2002: 224). However, the Non Governmental Organizations are looking into ways of dealing with such issues. Actually, at the moment, most of the Non Governmental Organizations that are more experienced have been able to tackle the problem using less violent means such as legislative measures Conclusion NGOs are voluntary organizations that are legally constituted and operated independently from government influence. They may be p artially sponsored by the government or fully sponsored by individuals and private organizations. Those that are partially sponsored by the government usually pursue social interests that have political aspects. It should be noted however, that such Non Governmental Organizations, are not political organizations. Non Governmental Organizations are directly involved in shaping of socioeconomic structures in a community. They have continued to increase in popularity as means of improving the quality of life among the vulnerable population. This is the reason why Non Governmental Organizations have been considered as advocates for development in a globalizing world. In many countries in the world, the private sector has been closely involved with the government in building urban houses. In Singapore for example, the government has partnered with private sectors in designing and developing diverse kinds of houses in order to expand the range of models available. Non Governmental Organiz ations have also been involved in propagating conscientization ideologies to the poor so that their actions are not just to improve the living standards of the poor but also to help the poor to perceive their exploitation and to decipher the opportunities available for overcoming such exploitation through mass organization Reference List Clark, J., 1991. What Are The Voluntary Organizations And Where Have They Come From? From Clark, John, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations pp. 34-51, London: Earthscan@ Farvacque, C., McAuslan, P. 1992. Reforming Urban Land Policies and Institutions in Developing Countries. The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington. Fengler, W., Kharas, H. 2010. Delivering and Differently: Lessons from the Field. The Brookings Institution, Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20036. Ha, S., 2002. The role of NGOs for low-income groups in Korean society. Environmental urbanization Vol 14 No 1 A pril 2002. Nenova, T. 2010. Expanding Housing Finance To The Underserved In South Asia: Market Review And Forward Agenda: The World Bank. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington DC 20433. Rahman, M. Not Dated. Role of the NGOs in Urban Housing for the Poor in Dhaka, Bangladesh. GBER Vol. 5 No. 1 pp 16-29. [Online] Web. Rugendyke, B., 2007. NGOs as Advocates for Development in a Globalizing World. Routledge, New York. Shigetomi, S., 2002. The state and NGOs: Perspective from Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Pasir Panjang, Singapore. Turner, J., 1988. Conclusions from Turner, Bertha, Building community: a Third World case book pp. 169-181. London, Community Books @ This essay on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development was written and submitted by user Matthias Hansen to help you with your own studies. 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