African Americans in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

African Americans in the U.S. Essay African Americans (American Blacks or Black Americans), racial group in the United States whose dominant ancestry is from sub-Saharan West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. A variety of names have been used for African Americans at various points in history. African Americans have been referred to as Negroes, colored, blacks, and Afro-Americans, as well as lesser-known terms, such as the 19th-century designation Anglo-African. The terms Negro and colored are now rarely used. African American, black, and to a lesser extent Afro-American, are used interchangeably today. Recent black immigrants from Africa and the islands of the Caribbean are sometimes classified as African Americans. However, these groups, especially first- and second-generation immigrants, often have cultural practices, histories, and languages that are distinct from those of African Americans born in the United States. For example, Caribbean natives may speak French, British English, or Spanish as their first language. Emigrants from Africa may speak a European language other than English or any of a number of African languages as their first language. Caribbean and African immigrants often have little knowledge or experience of the distinctive history of race relations in the United States. Thus, Caribbean and African immigrants may or may not choose to identify with the African American community. According to 2000 U. S. census, some 34. 7 million African Americans live in the United States, making up 12. 3 percent of the total population. 2000 census shows that 54. 8 percent African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17. 6 percent of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18. 7 percent in the Midwest, while only 8. 9 percent lived in the Western states. Almost 88 percent of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million African American residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000. Washington, D. C. , had the highest proportion of black residents of any U. S. city in 2000, with African Americans making up almost 60 percent of the population. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atlantic Slave Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries. European and North American slave traders transported most of these slaves to areas in tropical and subtropical America, where the vast majority worked as laborers on large agricultural plantations. See Slavery. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves along 5600 km (3500 miles) of Africa’s western and west central Atlantic coasts. These slaves were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The vast majority went to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish-speaking regions of South America and Central America. Smaller numbers were taken to Atlantic islands, continental Europe, and English-speaking areas of the North American mainland. Approximately 12 million slaves left Africa via the Atlantic trade, and more than 10 million arrived. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century. This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. It profoundly changed the racial, social, economic, and cultural makeup in many of the American nations that imported slaves. It also left a legacy of racism that many of those nations are still struggling to overcome. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. AAVE Distinctive patterns of language use among African Americans arose as creative responses to the hardships imposed on the African American community. Slave-owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke many different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English on their plantations. Moreover, many whites were unwilling to allow blacks to learn proper English. One response to these conditions was the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate with each other. Some of these pidgins eventually became fully developed Creole languages spoken by certain groups as a native language. Significant numbers of people still speak some of these Creole languages, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called black English or Ebonics, is a dialect of English spoken by many African Americans that shares some features with Creole languages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The Supernatural in Macbeth Essays -- Macbeth essays

The Supernatural in Macbeth       More than a few elements of the supernatural can be discovered within the action and dialogue of Shakespeare's plays.   However, the extent and nature of those elements differs to a large degree.   There are traces of it to be found in Henry V, "Pardon, gentles all,/The flat unraised spirit that hath dar'd...to bring forth/So great and object" (Lucy   1).  Ã‚   There are also elements of it apparent in Winter's Tale, "What I did not well I meant well" (Lucy   1).   The supernatural is used most fearsomely in Hamlet, with the ghost of Hamlet's father representing the most frightening apparition in all of the Bard's plays.   However, the supernatural is used to an almost whimsical degree in   A Midsummer's Night Dream and The Tempest.   In both of these plays the supernatural does not assume an evil demeanor, though it does wreak havoc on the lives of those in its midst.   Yet, the supernatural is connected more with a generic nature of chance than one that is pure evil as in Macbeth or pure "foul and most unnatural" as it is in Hamlet (Shakespeare   1078).      In A Midsummer's Night Dream there is a great deal of mirth and whimsy and the supernatural elements are more of a mischievous variety than any kind of sinister entities.   For example, in keeping with the humorous order of the day within the play, Shakespeare gives us elements of the supernatural that add to the mood and theme of the piece.   For instance, we see supernatural forces in characters like Oberon, "a spirit of another sort", lord of the Realm of Dreams who represents the "white light of dawn" (Lucy   8).   Queen Mab and a host of faeries also inhabit this realm of mortals who would be fools.   The overall effect o... ...nopsis.htm   Dec. 20, 1998:   1.    "To Strut And Fret Upon The Stage."   http://www.io.com/~`jlockett/Grist/English/macbethsources.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-4.      "William Shakespeare's Macbeth."   http://www.angelfire.com/biz2/NOTES/macbeth.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-8.      Bloom, H.   Shakespeare:   The Invention Of The Human.   Riverhead Books, NY:   1998.    Hodara, S.   "A Midsummer Night's Dream."   http://web.syr.edu/~shodara/midsummer.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-6.    Lucy, M.   "Shakespeare And The Supernatural."   http://www.mwsc.edu/~eng368/summer97/public/7.24.97-10.55.59.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-13.    Noda, M.   "Weird Creatures And Weird Imagination."   http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/6630/macbeth.htm   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-3.      Shakespeare, W.   The Complete Works Of Shakespeare.   Gramercy Book, NY:   1975.  

Automated Sales and Inventory System Essay

2.1 Background of Study Information system is a collection of hardware, software and people that work together to collect, store, and sort and process information. From the very earliest moments in the modern history of the computer, the people and the business world have witnessed the continuous development and growth of computer system that requires meeting the goal of Information technology. We have the completely new world of information and communication readily available through computer. With its excellent standards the proponents decided to come up with this proposal which aim was to provide quality customer service in the business, design a system that monitor report, can the quantity of inventory items, can determine reorder or production point, can generate report, can check the critical level of a product, This study would surely benefit the proprietor of Muella Trading. Mr.Muella the owner of Muella Trading has knowledge in terms of hardware because he already worked at Hardware Company. With that knowledge the proprietor decided to had own business. The business started on February 8, 2009 at Guinobatan Albay by Mr. Eugine Muella and Mrs. Marites Napili Muella.The mention company has 4 employees/ laborer. That company has four category in terms of product they retail the electrical, plumbing, hardware and products use for construction. For almost two years in the industry the proprietor are using the manual inventory system. With this kind of system the process of their transactions are very slow and it is a time consuming to their business transactions. This is the main reason why they decided to shift from manual to automated sales and inventory system. The shifting of inventory was made possible by the proponents to make the daily transactions of the company faster, easier and more accurate. The system helps them to eliminate problems on sales, storage and retrieval of inventory data for the inventory status. 2.2 Statement of the Problem 2.0 Methodology of the study Agile is a practice-based methodology for modelling and documentation of software-based systems. It is intended to be a collection of values, principles, and practices for Modelling software that can be applied on a software development project in a more flexible manner than traditional Modelling methods. It is a built on the foundation of iterative development.[ Karthiksangi2009] ‘The Home Page of Karthiksangi’ http://karthiksangi.wordpress.com/agile-methodology/ The proponents used agile as their method in developing the system because of its phases, which is suited in developing the propose system. Requirements The first step in the Agile Modelling is to identify some high-level requirements as well as the scope of the release. The requirements within an agile process are more or less ’suggestions’, and are open to more conversation by the team during other phases. The Agile method is more adaptable to changes in requirements as the project grows. The proponents identify first the minimum and general requirements of the system they will be develop and they conducted an interview to the company so that it would helped them in getting information about the requirements that needed in developing the system. Architecture and Design The goal of the architecture and design phase is to try to identify an architecture that has a good chance of working. The design is derived in a modelling session, in which issues are explored, until the team is satisfied that they understand what needs to be delivered. The proponents designed a database which is suited and capable for the system they developed and defined the attributes, data entry and relationship of them. In connection with this, the proponents created a Graphical User Interface designed that can allow users to interact with the system. Development The system is delivered incrementally over time, in small modules that have immediate business value, rather than building and then delivering a system in a single â€Å"big bang† release. By focusing development on smaller modules, agile projects are able to control costs despite the seeming lack of planning. The proponents create, design and develop a propose system they studying. In this phase the proponent still in developing part and they more concentrating and focusing on creating a small module which is really required to that system. 3.0 Review of Related Studies Click software Inventory System It is a highly configurable system designed to improve warehouse operations. The system helps manage item master configuration and defines stock locations, monitors item quantity, location and status of inventory as well as related shipping, receiving, picking and put-away process information. The system is capable of providing automatic identification using barcodes for inventory objects which include any type of physical assets, tools and supplies, spare parts, raw materials, finished goods, and machines. This system reduces warehouse cost and improves customer service by speeding up the goods handling process, providing transparent and accurate inventory data, improves your resource planning resulting to increased productivity and decreased labor costs. Retail and Inventory System This inventory system enables maintenance and processing of sales, purchases and inventory data to prepare transactions, documents and generate reports. It provides information useful to decision making regarding sales, purchases and inventory monitoring. This system organizes your inventory transaction and provides useful audit trails of inventory movements, details and histories to allow improved control over your investment. The features of the systems are the system has a highly secure password. The system maintains item profile, customer profile, supplier profile. The purchases facilities include purchase items and purchase return. The system also design a sales facilities include sales Items and sales exchange. The system has report facilities that include transaction list and POS retail reports. In relation of this the proponents got an idea that it would help them in development of the system they develop. Both inventory system have a good and wonderful features that the proponents can use in there system such as highly security of the program that would benefit the management of the company because if it is highly security the more secure of system and other features that would also benefit not only for the management but to the other users also. 4.0 Theoretical Framework Database Management System (DBMS) The theory on database management become the foundation in creating the storage of records in propose system. A database management system (DBMS) is a program that lets one or more user create and access data in database. It manages user request so that user and other programs are free from having to understand where the data are physically located, and in a multi-user system that else will also be accessing the data. In handling user requests, the DBMS ensures the integrity of the data. In handling user request, the DBMS ensures the integrity of the data. (That is making sure it continues to be accessible and is consistently organized as intended) and its security (making sure that only those with access privilege can access the data) A DBMS can be thought of as a file manager that manages data in database rather than files in file system. In IBM’s main frame operating system, the number retrieval data managers are known as access methods. A DBMS is usually an inherent part o f a database product. On PC’s Microsoft Access is a popular example of a single or small group user DBMS. Microsoft SQL Server is an example of a DBMS that enables a user to store, modify and extract information from a database. [WOOD2007] Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) RDBMS is a type of database management system that stores in the form of related tables. Relational database is powerful because it requires little assumption about how data are related or how this data will be extracted from the database. An important of relational system is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This differs from flat – file database, in which each database is self- contained in a single table. Almost full-scale database systems are RDBMS. Small database system, however, use other designs that provide less flexibility in posing queries. [CASH2005] Data Security Computer system secures the records from unauthorized users and protects the data from loss. The proponents saw to it that all the records stored in the database are safe and protected. Therefore, they made use of the applications based from theory, data security. Data security is means of ensuring that the data are kept safe from corruption and that access to its suitably controlled. Thus, data security helps to ensure privacy and protection that’s why most computer system adopts security measures that involve data encryption and password. Data encryption is the transmission of data into from that is unintelligible without a deciphering mechanism. A password is a secret word or phrase that gives a user access to particular program or system. [WOOD2007] Networking Networking is a system that transmits any combinations of voice, video and data between users. The network includes the network operating system in the client and server machines connecting them and all supporting hardware in between such as bridges, routers and switches; in wireless systems, antennas and towers are also part of a network. In Information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication path. The most common topology is the bus, star, token ring and mesh topologies. Network can also be categorized in terms of spatial distance as Local Area networks (LAN’s), Metropolitan area Network (MAN’s) and Wide Area Networks (WAN’s). A given network can also characterized by the type of data transmission technology used (for example a TCP/IP or system networks architectures); by whether it carries voices, data, both kind of signals; by user (Private of Public); by the usual nature of its connectives (dial up or switched, de dicated or no switch or virtual connections); by the type of physical link (for example optical fiber, coaxial cable and unshielded twisted pair.) [STI2002] Back-up and Restore Storing back –up copies of software data back -up and having back –up computer and communication capabilities are important basic safeguard because the data can then be restored if they are altered or destroyed by a computer crime or accident. Computer data should be backed up frequently and should be restored nearby in secure locations in case of damage at the primary site. Transporting sensitive data to storage locations should also be done securely. [HOIST2004] 5.0 Data Gathering Procedures and Analysis Output On data gathering procedures the proponents conducted a direct interview to the company of Muella Trading. Based from that interview, the proponents where able to know the existing problem of a company. They also conducted research and review from thesis projects of STI Legaspi. The proponents also surfed to the internet to get and gather some information which is related for the study After gathering, the proponents got possible solution to solve the existing problem met by the company in using the manual inventory system. Through the help of those data that the proponents gathered, they analyse how it will apply in developing the system. 6.0 Documentation of the current system 6.1 Description of the current system User Information In this module the admin can create, edit, activate, deactivate and delete user account, including all their information but deleting data is not require or not good because if there’s an animalise in the program or the system you can easily retrieve and check of those data and also for other purposes. In this module again the user can create another account but again only the admin has an authorize to do that. Supplier Information The proponents create a module that the admin can add, edit and delete supplier information. To make the user easier to find and view the suppliers the proponents put there an search button. The user can search by supplier code or by name. Product Information This module can add, edit, and delete the product information. The admin also can add category like construction, plumbing, paint and everything that the hardware has. In this module also they can add supplier, view list of the entire product as well as the supplier of that product the selling and supplier price, including percentage of the vat and promos. Point of Sale (POS) In this module the admin and the cashier only has a right to access and give or issue a transaction. In one transaction you can add item as many as you can including its unit, quantity and the prize. When someone needs to delete item because of error the proponents put a security password for securing the transaction. It computes the total amount of sales of the transaction the discount, the amount given of the customer and computes the change. The product into the database decreases. Purchase Order The company purchase their product in different supplier. In this module you can identify the products that in a critical level so with this the owner of company can easily determine the product need to be orders. The proponents also include the total amount the product they order.

Ebonics & Education Essay

The Ebonics controversy in America has developed into a major conflict over the years. It has become a more serious concern within the public school system. The complex where the nation’s school systems lower their expectations of black youth to coincide with the patterns of Ebonics, the word used to refer to African American Vernacular English, has resulted in an epidemic where blacks graduate from High School reading three grade levels below their white counterparts. For the multiple number of theories that attempt to explain this phenomenon, very few have been able to counter the adverse culture that has developed in America as a product of Ebonics being considered a valid dialect. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of one’s education in America. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of our society. It can be argued that a single standard curriculum should be equally implemented and taught throughout the nation, and that this curriculum should be similar to the elite executive curriculum, which Jean Anyon identifies as the best education our country has to offer in her article Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. She identifies how many believe that private and public sector schools should be merged together, along with their curriculums (2006). She breaks down education into two curriculums, upper class and lower class, or working and executive class. Equalizing the differences between these two forms of education has always been the job of standardized testing. Initially standardized testing in America was used to asses one’s calculative ability. It is now being replaced, starting at the middle school level, with a format that revolves around authentic assessment (Wiggins, 1990). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. The tests are also known to evaluate creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It has been designed to replace traditional standardized testing, which means it eventually will be used in all schools across the nation to identify the intellectual elite. This is considered to be a major advent in education that will counter act the nation’s stigma of low expectations ushered in by the validation of Ebonics. A major cause of the low expectations placed on black youth in schools can partly be credited to those doing the research, as Kimberly Griffin points out in her article Striving for Success: A Qualitative Exploration of Competing Theories of High-Achieving Black College Students’ Academic Motivation, when she says, research on the academic performance of Black students has focused on low-achievers, framing their academic motivation as maladaptive and driven by externally (e. g. , competition or compliance) rather than internally (e. g. love of learning) generated forces (Griffin, 2006). This heavy focus on those blacks who have low quality achievement, has led to a neglect in the understanding of what drives the higher achieving students to be successful. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot individually explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional framework that incorporates all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation best accounts for these students’ experiences (Griffin, 2006). Griffin goes on to cite an interview with a young black student that was less affluent than others. The dialogue reveals that the pressure of stereotypes and low expectations has a weighing effect on the level of effort and achievement that black students have in the class room. This is a stigma that is present whether the student is of a lower or higher class, but the lower the class of the student the even heavier the stereotypes are that weigh on them. I think probably intrinsically I might have felt at one point that I needed to try harder, because I was Black, to not be a stereotype . . . not just chill, you know, talk with Ebonics or stuff like—the stereotype that people have of Black people. I purposely try to steer away from that. I think that’s certainly definitely, in a certain respect, that’s true (Griffin, 2006). This pressure that stems from the inherent stereotypes perpetuated through the use of Ebonics is even further enhanced by a misunderstanding of this complex between the students and their teachers. Griffin points this out as well when she says, the fact that many [teacher education] students do not share the same ethnic, social, racial and linguistic backgrounds as their students may lead to cultural incongruencies in the classroom which can mediate against educational effectiveness( Griffin, 2006). It is Griffin’s belief that these incompatibilities between the black students and their predominantly white teachers results in a complex to be maladaptive, in a way that is very evident. These incompatibilities are evident in value orientation, behavioral norms and expectations and styles, social interactions, self presentation, communication and cognitive processing (Griffin, 2006). Griffin’s article proves that even the system through which these students are studied for the purpose of better improving their achievement is a vicious cycle itself filled with misunderstandings and blatant neglect of the methods that may actually be successful, specifically teaching methods like andragogy and reflective learning. Androgogy and reflective learning are two educational forms that have become very prevalent at the collegiate level. They are considered to be the two best teaching methods in educating adults. This has been found to be specifically true for pre-med and science majors in college, due to andragogy’s focus on authentic assessment (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. These evaluations tend to exercise their: creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It largely corresponds with standardized testing (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment asks that students acquire knowledge and be able to practice logic as apposed to just being able to regurgitate pre-fed facts. The main characteristics of these evaluations, is that they apply standardized test curriculum to real life circumstances. Authentic assessment is the product of a reform in education. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill oriented and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students’ adult life. These tests hold students to higher standards as well as create a growing body of accurate awareness pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. The key argument these test pose is that for the traditional testing method, the right answers are not rationales. This basically acknowledges that the level of logic required for traditional standardized tests is lacking. This is due to a relationship that involves test takers who simply cram for their tests, and instructors who feel the tests have no relevance to their teaching ability. This is a common occurrence that has resulted in resentment for traditional standardized testing on the behalf of both parties involved. Authentic assessment is a genuine push towards the implementation of more authentic tasks. Instructors find it easier to apply these tasks to their curriculum and students find it easier to assess what is expected of them. It is considered a form of improving overall performance, in a testing system traditionally structured solely to monitor it. This fault in western education is the main catalyst for shifts in standardized testing that focus more on authentic assessment and experiential learning. Medical students and students pursuing the sciences, like psychology or sociology, are expected to have certain skills appropriate for the practice of their profession. This requires a form of learning that can assesses curriculum and then apply it to real life situations. As well as the medical and science field, andragogy and reflective learning is being used to enhance the productivity of multimillion dollar corporations. Experiential learning thus involves a, ‘direct encounter with the phenomena being studied rather than merely thinking about the encounter, or only considering the possibility of doing something about it. (Borzak 1981: 9 quoted in Brookfield 1983). This sort of learning is sponsored by an institution and might be used on training programmes for professions such as social work and teaching or in field study programmes such as those for social administration or geography courses. Kolb, David A. , ‘david a. kolb on experiential learning’ Kolb breaks down understanding of experiential learning into an understanding of the American educational systems use of the field trip and project based learning (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). While project based learning is considered to be one of the best methods of learning for all individuals because it promotes authentic assessment, and thus provides young black students especially to expand their understanding of the Western culture from which they have been systematically alienated, it is also very expensive to organize. Anyon discovers that the majority of contemporary textbook instruction is designed for the working class. PBL programs are usually not supported in public schools because of the amount of funding they require. This discrepancy is usually applicable to public schools and whether one is located near high income housing or low income housing. Jonathan Kozol describes the discrepancies between these two types of schooling in his interview with Marge Scherer. In the interview titled, On Savage Inequalities: A Conversation with Jonathan Kozol, he talks about his experience in St. Louis and how the schools in low income areas, which are predominantly black, barely have money for water, while the schools near by in the wealthier districts could buy advanced school supplies as well as carryout project based learning, such as field trips. Kozol credits this problem to the use of property tax to fund schools in low income areas. He states: we ought to finance the education of every child in America equitably, with adjustments made only for the greater or lesser needs of certain children. And that funding should all come from the collective wealth of our society, mainly from a steeply graduated progressive income tax. (Kozol) This particular tax could make project based learning more affordable, which would be the most influential step to improving classroom education. The most common contemporary example of PBL is dissecting insects and animals. It has become an American tradition and almost a right of passage in high school. Project Based Management has a very beneficial influence on the education of our country. One might wonder why it’s not the only curriculum used. The use of chaperones, instructional tools, and methods of transportation are often required and considered expensive. The benefit is that people tend to remember more from their field trips than textbook lessons and many of these labs require authentic assessment, which is good considering the new shift in standardized testing. The downfall is in the fact that authentic assessment is dependent on the student’s past experiences. This allows for some projects to result in the isolation of certain students. The inner city children are deprived because their school systems can’t afford implementing PBL curriculums. Chairperson of the Department of Education at Rutgers University, in her essay From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon analyzes the nature of underprivileged education. Anyon argues that depending on their social class, different levels of educations are available to young people. This mostly applies to schools in different districts and social communities and it can particularly be seen in the difference between private and public schooling. To make the concept clear, she further applies this to a description of a kind of mental segregation happening within the classroom; in which, students sitting next to one another are rewarded differently solely based on their socioeconomic standing in the community. She does this by pointing out that, students in different social-class backgrounds are rewarded for classroom behaviors that correspond to personality traits allegedly rewarded in the different occupational strata – the working classes for docility and obedience, the managerial classes for initiative and personal assertiveness. (Anyon) This is the key ideal of Anyon’s theory. An example of the theory at work can be seen in research that finds project based learning prepares students for more abstract assessment, and prepares them to handle real world situations, as opposed to those in the textbook. PBL is most prevalent in private and high income community public schools. This creates a system where the students taught in the private schools are taught to think independently in a rational but unconfined way, while the lower income children are only taught to follow instructions. These differing perspectives on education have had a controversial and conflicting history in America. Gary Colombo based much of his research on this conflict. Gary Colombo argues that the majority of the Founding Fathers were wealthy conservatives who were honestly opposed to democracy. This signifies them as an elitist class constructing laws that will better maintain their control of the government. Their initial goal was to keep power in the hands of the wealthy, and prevent the majority from realizing their strength. One major modern day justifications for this elitist view is that, these framers were the same men who risked their lives for the good of others by signing the declaration of independence, and they are getting what is owed to them. It is Garry Colombo’s view that these patriots did not intend to revolutionize democracy, but that their sole intention was to gain independence from Britain in order to get the country out of their pockets. Aware that the Constitution would be opposed by the working class, who made up the majority of the people, the construction of the deceleration and its signing were held in private. The media was used conceal the constitution’s actual goal, while at the same time to persuade people in its favor. Along with a literate media Colombo points out that the American government found it necessary, particularly during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, to promote and finance a literate working class. It is Colombo’s view that the sole purpose of their education was to develop individuals who would maintain the nation. These educated individuals were viewed as secondary to their task. This is the first sign in American history of education being used to exploit people for the benefit of the government. By identifying the failure of Thomas Jefferson to educate the Native American people, Colombo shows that American education was initially designed with absolutely no regard for the people. He best displays this conflict when he cites a letter written by a Native American to the President. our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yours†¦several of our young people were formerly brought up at the college of the northern provinces they were instructed in all your sciences; but when they came back to us, they were bad runners; ignorant of every means of living in the woods; unable to bear either cold or hunger; knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy†¦they were totally good for nothing. (Colombo) Here Colombo identifies that, quality in education is deemed only as good as its ability to assimilate one into the culture in which they live. This assimilation is not one that produces equal opportunity for its participants. As previously proven by Anyon, socioeconomic conditions impede this dream dramatically from coming into fruition. In sum, Anyon argues that today’s working class curriculums center more on teaching black students to follow instructions rather than teaching them how to authentically assess problems. She undeniably proves that the children of higher income families are not taught in this fashion, and they are steered more towards developing skills in problem solving and decision making. Ebonics only further expands this gap between classes, considering the level of stereotypes that come along with its practice and the powerfully influential stigma that blacks are subject to as a result. If students are subject to the exact same nationwide testing, it would only be just that they receive the same educational curriculums. By using Ebonics in the school system, the nation is alienating blacks from the main stream through both class and race. Lower income students are being herded into remedial work, while the upper class students are being prepared for executive positions. This is an immoral practice, but there are risks that can occur if Anyon’s elitist curriculum is equally distributed throughout the country. Everyone can not manage the corporation some have to toil for the sake of the company. The working class may potentially have a better understanding of executive duties, if Anyon’s curriculum is implemented. With a greater appreciation for the business structure, working class employees may be educated enough to demand more benefits from their companies. The end result of implementing Anyon’s theory is that there will be a more diverse group of qualified candidates from which corporations select. This makes the face of corporate America as cultured as the nation it’s in, and it eliminates much of the disadvantaging prejudice that comes with elitism. This is proof that it is wise to utilize Anyon’s elite curriculum throughout all school systems. Every income scale should be accessible among all races and nationalities, but to assume that the children of high income families will work remedial jobs so the poor can be executives is irrational. Anyon’s curriculum must be set into action with the hope that it levels the playing field, and Ebonics needs to be abolished as a credible English vernacular.

The Use and Abuse of Antibiotics

The Use and Abuse of Antibiotics What is an antibiotic? What is this 'miracle drug' that everyone talks about? There is a lot about antibiotics that we should all be more aware of.The word 'antibiotic' actually means 'anti-life'. The most common definition that we use for an antibiotic is: any substance produced by a microorganism that harms or kills another microorganism.There are many different kinds of antibiotic substances, most of them are natural products that certain bacteria and fungi (molds) produce and send outside of their cells. About 90% of the antibiotics we use today, are originated from bacteria. However there are a couple of antibiotics that were created from scratch in laboratory. These totally synthetic antibiotics are designed to inhibit some process previously identified to be completely unique to bacteria, and necessary for the bacterium to remain alive.Bacterium in the wild suffers a constant competition for available nutrients. Therefore if they can develop a substance that can cripple or ann ihilate their competitors then they have an advantage.Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP-1- Metallo-betalactamas...So, even though these microorganisms do not have the ability to decide what substance to produce, through several mutations and additional events, they are capacitated to compete and consequently to survive more readily within their environment.We use antibiotics for a different purpose, of course, to help us kill harmful bacteria that cause us infection and disease.Scottish physician Alexander Fleming rediscovered in 1928 what Ernest Duchesne, a French Student, had initially discovered in 1896; the first and most famous fungus, Penicillium, which conceived the first identified microbial antibiotic, penicillin.Commercial methods for penicillin for human use were only developed in 1941 at the time of World War II. Howard Floerey and Ernst Chain made a major effort to try to make penicillin available to all of the British, U.S., and other allies...

Ethnocentrism, Geocentrism and Polycentrism Assignment

Ethnocentrism, Geocentrism and Polycentrism - Assignment Example   To begin with, it may be logical to present reasons that support the position in question. First of all, it must be noted that the use of land which once used to be a forest will significantly enhance food production which will benefit the entire mankind. Indeed, the new territories will be free of pollution and other negative impacts of the humanity which will contribute to the quality of food that is produced on it. Other than qualitative enhancement, one may also observe quantitative enhancement since people will have more soil to grow crops and this will boost the production of food making sure that there is enough for everyone and the people will no longer experience hunger.Another point that should be mentioned lies in the fact that by clearing the forests and using the territories as new farmlands people will connect urban and rural areas. Indeed, it often happens so that the former have excess of food resources, but there are few people to consume them; on the other hand, cities virtually have no farmlands per se, but they are inhabited by people who are willing to pay for food. Therefore, if the forests are cleared, the infrastructure that connects the two kinds of areas will improve and so will the quality of life of the people on the both sides. So, this will be an important strategic move. Finally, one should also note that by using the lands that are cleared from forests the people will reclaim certain territories that used to be outside the scope of agriculture.   

The way that the memory of the events of the Boston Massacre have Research Paper

The way that the memory of the events of the Boston Massacre have changed over time - Research Paper Example This Act was imposed on the order of a British official called Charles Townshend. The objects on which import duty was attached were paint, paper, tea, lead and glass2. The members of the British parliament introduced the Townshend Act as a punishment to the colonists for protesting against the previous Stamp Act. With this new Act, the parliament wanted to teach a lesson to the colonists that they are bound to abide by any Acts they would introduce. The American Board of Customs Commissioners was also arranged by the Parliament whose members were responsible for seeing that smuggling laws were duly followed. This Board was set up in Boston since smuggling activities were centered in this city. The Parliament believed that if smuggling could be wiped out from Boston then it would be easy for them to force other colonial citizens to follow the trade laws3. Very soon the colonists began to protest against the Townshend Act declaring that no taxes can be levied on any goods without thei r agreement. The protestant acts were further provoked by the writings of many patriotic leaders of that time. A protesting letter was written by John Hancock and was circulated to all the townspeople in Massachusetts: â€Å"You are already too well acquainted with the melancholy and very alarming Circumstances to which this Province, as well as America in general, is now reduced. Taxes equally detrimental to the commercial interests of the Parent country and the colonies are imposed upon the People, without their consent†4. The merchants in Boston began to reject any goods made in Britain. In 1768, a circular letter was sent by the Massachusetts Assembly to the other colonial legislatures informing them about difficulties faced by the colonists because of the Act: â€Å"The House of Representatives of this province, have taken into their serious consideration, the great difficulties that must accrue to themselves and their constituents, by the operation of several acts of P arliament, imposing duties and taxes on the American colonies†5. In response to the protests the British began to send troops to maintain peace while still enforcing the law. This led to many violent conflicts between the British soldiers and the protesting colonists; one such incident that became most well known in American history was the Boston Massacre. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of angry people taunted nine British guards of custom house and threw snowballs at them, and the latter fired in return which killed five people and wounded some6. Sons of Liberty In October 1768, the 14th and 29th regiments of British army arrived in Boston. They were dispatched by Royal Governor Francis Bernard whose purpose was to maintain law and order in the Boston and also to assist the customs official to collects taxes as per the Townshend Act imposed by the British Parliament. However, Massachusetts Assembly accused Bernard that this action was an attempt to overthrow the Boston government and felt that there was no need of the troops to maintain peace in the city. But Bernard was concerned because of an earlier protestant act in June, 1768 when the customs officials seized a sloop of John Hancock who was a merchant and political leader. This led to protests by a group called Sons of Liberty who decorated an elm tree with placards and effigies of Bernard and customs officials7. Bernard, although opposed the 1965