Professionalism in the Workplace of Nursing Essay - 698 Words

In a highly respected profession such as nursing, professionalism is an important element to staying employed and setting one’s self apart from the rest of the applicants when competing for a potential job. By definition professionalism are the qualities and traits that describe a professional. While knowledge is crucial in any profession, according to an article published by the University of Kansas (2012), â€Å"all medical professionals must strive to retain those humanistic qualities integrity, respect, and compassion that constitute the essence of professionalism.† Whether you work in a hospital or administration these three qualities encompass the core of nursing and exemplify what it means to be a professional. Integrity is the†¦show more content†¦Even if no one found out about this mistake, eventually it could happen again if you don’t take the necessary steps to correct your mistake, and this time it could be deadly for your patient. Being respectful and considerate to your patient is necessary for providing excellent patient care. It is also important to be respectful and considerate to your colleagues; arriving on time, being a team player, doing above the minimum as often as you can are all excellent ways to show this. It is essential to ensure that the workplace is an â€Å"environment in which all colleagues enjoy equal respect and where they can advance to their full potential.† (Professionalism initiative, 2012) If everyone treated their colleagues with respect, it would make the workplace very hospitable and help provide better patient care, which is the main purpose of nursing. An environment without respect can become hostile and impair the growth of your colleagues and yourself which can lead to giving substandard care to your patients and their families. Compassion is a crucial aspect of nursing; it involves seeing the patients as more than just a medical problem. Patients look to nurses as a source of comfort to help them deal with their emotions and understand their medical problems. In Norway, a study was conducted to find the role of compassion in nursing andShow MoreRelated Professionalism in Nursing Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesethical standards of a profession (2) : exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally businesslike manner in the workplace. Being professional should be a subconscious effort in the fact that it should always be applied. When employees are professional it helps the system run more efficiently and safely. A person must me a certain criteria when being evaluated on professionalism, a person is judged based on the clients; Attitude, Values, Communication techniques, and approachability. Clients whoRead MoreNursing Is A Code Of Conduct Or Ethics Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagestreated and impacted. N ursing requires characteristics of professionalism that are detrimental to the outcome of patient care and safety. In the early 1800s, nursing was considered as a position held by people that were dishonest, unfavorable and illiterate. This all changed after Florence Nightingale entered the nursing field. According to Lee, Clark and Thompson (2013), Nightingale’s core purpose was cleanliness. She introduced sanitary and hygienic practices as basic nursing skills, which consistedRead MoreThe Nursing And Midwifery Board Of Australia1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) plays an important governing role in the nursing profession and it has developed many guidelines and policies to ensure the better practices of registered nurses and nursing students undertaking their clinical practice within Australia. The Nurses guide to professional boundaries (2010) clarifies the professional boundaries that nurses working in Australia must be prepared to achieve to be the best nurse possible. The guide explains the need toRead MoreProfessionalism And Professionalism : Professionalism1103 Words   |  5 PagesProfessionalism in the workplace, is the absolute key to having a successful, and smoothly run business. Professionalism is something that must be maintained by every individual within the work setting, especially in health care, whether it is the janitor, activity director, nursing assistant, doctor, or even the head administrator. Professionalism encompasses many aspects, such as teamwork, attitude, environment, knowledge, morals, and ethics. Professionalism as a whole is expected of everyoneRead MoreProfessionalism: What It Is and Why It Is Important in Nursing?1235 Words   |  5 PagesProfessionalism: What Is It And Why Is It Important In Nursing. Professionalism is a calling which requires specialized knowledge and often long and extensive academics. 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She was able to introduce sanitary and hygienic practices as basic nursing skills, which consistedRead MoreProfessionalism Is Essential For Providing Quality Care1084 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a lot of qualities that a nurse can exhibit when in the workplace. Many of these qualities can have a strong effect on patients and the connection a nurse can make with them. One of the qualities all nurses, and health care providers in general, should possess is a high standard of professionalism. Professionalism is â€Å"a specific style or behavior in the workplace† (Campbell) which is an umbrella with so many factors that fall under it and contribute to it. Some of these factors are differentRead MoreProfessional Images As Nurses As Well1269 Words   |  6 Pages2012). When a nurse is absent for any period of time during the shift, it can put strain on their fellow workers by increasing their workload (Medcom, 2012). Another aspect of professionalism is being able to give and receive constructive criticism to grow as a professional. Nurses often work as a team while in the workplace and it is important to aid other colleagues while at work (Medcom, 2012). By providing assistance to other nurses while on the job, it makes the workload for all the nurses easierRead MoreEssay on Adn vs Bsn Competencies990 Words   |  4 PagesAssociate prepared nurse versus Bachelor prepared nurse is discussed in correlation to critical thinking, professionalism, and leadership. Differences in Competencies: Who Makes a Better Nurse? Who makes a better nurse? A nurse with an Associate’s Degree or a Bachelor’s Degree? The answer would probably depend on who one asks. However, according to American Association of College of Nursing (2012), â€Å"education enhances both clinical competency and care delivery† (pg.1). In this discussion, nursesRead MoreProfessionalism, Competency, And Conduct1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn a workplace, there are certain rules and obligations that an individual has to comply as part of their profession. Following the rules or ethical standard of the profession is what we call professionalism (Brennan Monson, 2014). It is an important aspect of a person’s work in a way that it demonstrates someone’s character, excellence, competency, and conduct. In a healthcare environment, professionalism is a foundation of a good relationship between patients and the people involve in their care

Cultural Morality Comparative Analysis between a Fine...

Cultural Morality Comparative Analysis between A Fine Balance and the Poisionwood Bible Cultural relativism really emphasizes the concept that each individual cultural belief differs from one societal class to another; in consequence, moral and ethical principles are related to what a certain culture perceives to be considered acceptable or unacceptable, right or wrong. Jack Donnelly, a teacher at the University of Denver, he states, when internal and external judgments of a practice diverge, an uncontrollable rivalry, cultural relativists give priority to be the internal judgements of a society (89). Cultural relativism correlates with the idea that ones own personal religious belief is above anyone elses, thus, all beliefs in†¦show more content†¦She critiques European and American imperialist policies toward Africa, oppressive patriarchal attitudes toward women, racial oppression in the American Sourh, and alienation cultural assumptions about disabled people. Her usage of Nathan and his family symbolizes the western world as she deploys her political age nda. Nathan Price; the father of the Price family, exhibits an extreme part of the arrogance and the ethnocentrism of America. As the dictator of the family, he represents the American government. His family clearly shows they do not want to stay in the Congo but yet he idiotically refuses similarly to an American government that is purposefully blind to its own corruption. Smith also says, Prices extreme obsession, which leads eventually to abandoning his family, to insanity or at least insane behaviour, and death is the outcome of his desperate need to maintain his social gendered and nationalistic supremacy. The rest of the family symbolizes the people as Nathan controls them like a government. As the story continues, Leah, Adah and Ruth May all depict various ways people handle the government. Ruth May, young and oblivious, believes that everything her father did was right, however it is not entirely her fault, much like most people who are ignorant towards the issues of ethnoce ntrism. In conclusion, Ruth May faces death for het ignorance. Ruth May doesnt avoid the snakes as one who is familiar

Assessment and Care Planning Holistic Assessment Free Essays

string(104) " the type of the house she lives in helps to indicate how the patient is going to cope after discharge\." Introduction This essay deals with the holistic assessment of a patient who was admitted onto the medical ward where I undertook my placement. Firstly, the relevant life history of the patient will be briefly explained. Secondly, the Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing that was used to assess the care needs of the patient will be discussed, and then the assessment process will be analysed critically. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment and Care Planning: Holistic Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identified areas of need will be discussed in relation to the care given and with reference to psychological, social, and biological factors as well as patho-physiology. Furthermore, the role of inter-professional skills in relation to care planning and delivery will be analysed, and finally the care given to the patient will be evaluated. Throughout this assignment, confidentiality will be maintained to a high standard by following the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct (2008). No information regarding the hospital or ward will be mentioned, in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. The pseudonym Kate will be used to maintain the confidentiality of the patient. The Patient Kate, a lady aged 84, was admitted to a medical ward through the Accident and Emergency department. She was admitted with asthma and a chest infection. She presented with severe dyspnoea, wheezing, chest tightness and immobility. Kate is a patient known to suffer from chronic chest infections and asthma, with which she was diagnosed when she was young. She takes regular bronchodilators and corticosteroids in the form of inhalers and tablets. Kate lives on her own in a one bedroom flat. She has a daughter who lives one street away and visits her frequently. Her daughter stated that Kate has a very active social life; she enjoys going out for shopping using a shopping trolley. Assessment of the Patient Assessment Theory In this ward, the Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing, which reflects on the twelve activities of living, is used as a base for assessing patients (Alabaster 2011). These activities are â€Å"maintaining safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, elimination, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobility, working and playing, sexuality, sleeping, and dying† Holland (2008, p.9). Elkin, Perry and Potter (2007) outlined nursing process as a systematic way to plan and deliver care to the patient. It involves four stages: assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Assessment is the first and most critical step of the nursing process, in which the nurse carries out a holistic assessment by collecting all the data about a patient (Alfaro-Lefevre 2010). The nurse uses physical assessment skills to obtain baseline data to manage patients’ problems and to help nurses in the evaluation of care. Data can be collected through observation, physical assessment and by interviewing the patient (Rennie 2009). A complete assessment produces both subjective and objective findings (Wilkinson 2006). Holland (2008) defines subjective data as information given by the patient. It is obtained from the health history and relates to sensations or symptoms, for example pain. Subjective data also includes biographical data such as the name of the patient, address, next of kin, religion etc. Holland defines objective data as observable data, and relates it to signs of the disease. Objective data is obtained from physical examination, for example of blood pressure or urine. Before assessment takes place, the nurse should explain when and why it will be carried out; allow adequate time; attend to the needs of the patient; consider confidentiality; ensure the environment is conducive; and consider the coping patterns of the patient (Jenkins 2008). The nurse should also introduce herself to help reduce anxiety and gain the patient’s confidence. During assessment, the nurse needs to use both verbal and non-verbal communication. Using non-verbal communication means that she should observe the patient, looking at the colour of the skin, the eyes, and taking note of odour and breathing. An accurate assessment enables nursing staff to prioritise a patient’s needs and to deal with the problem immediately it has been identified (Gordon 2008). Documentation is also very important in this process; all information collected has to be recorded either in the patient’s file or electronically (NMC, 2009b). Carrying out the Assessment Kate was allocated a bed within a four-bed female bay. Her daughter was with her at the bedside. Gordon (2008) stated that understanding that any admission to hospital can be frightening for patients and allowing them some time to get used to the environment is important for nursing staff. Kate’s daughter was asked if she could be present while the assessment was carried out, so that she could help with some information, and she agreed. Alfaro-Lefevre (2008) recommended that nursing assessments take place in a separate room, which respects confidentiality, and that the patient be free to participate in the assessment. Although there was a room available, Kate’s daughter said it was fine for the assessment to take place at the bedside because her mother was so restless and just wanted to be next to her. The curtains were pulled around the bed, though William and Wilkins argued that it ensures visual privacy only and not a barrier to sound. NMC (2009a) acknowledges this, along with the need to speak at an appropriate volume when asking for personal details to maintain confidentiality. The assessment form that was used during Kate’s assessment addressed personal details and the twelve activities of living. A moving and handling assessment form was also completed because of her immobility. First, personal details such as name, age, address, nickname, religion, and housing status were recorded. Information was also recorded about any agency involved, along with next of kin and contact details, and details of the general practitioner. Holland (2008) stated that these details should be accurate and legible so that, in case of any concerns about the patient, the next of kin can be contacted easily. The name and age are also vital in order to correctly identify the patient to avoid mistakes. Knowing what type of a job the patient does or the type of the house she lives in helps to indicate how the patient is going to cope after discharge. You read "Assessment and Care Planning: Holistic Assessment" in category "Essay examples" Holland also insisted that religion s hould be known in case the patient would like to have some privacy during prayers, and this should be included in the care plan. The second assessment to be done focused on physical assessment and the activities of living. Barrett, Wilson and Woollands (2009) suggested that when enquiring about the activities of living, two elements should be addressed: usual and current routines. Additionally, identifying a patient’s habits will help in care planning and setting goals. During physical assessment, when objective data was collected, Kate demonstrated laboured and audible breath sounds (wheezing) and breathlessness. Use of accessory muscles and nose flaring was also noted. She was agitated and anxious. Her vital signs were: blood pressure 110/70; pulse 102 beats /min; respirations 26/min; temperature 37.4 degrees Celsius; oxygen saturation 88%; peak flow 100 litres; weight 60kg; and body mass index 21. Taking and recording observations is very important and is the first procedure that student nurses learn to do. These observations are made in order to detect any signs of deterioration or progress in the p atient’s condition (Field and Smith 2008). Carpenito-Moyet (2006) stated that it is important to take the first observations before any medical intervention, in order to assist in the diagnosis and to help assess the effects of treatment. Kate’s initial assessment was carried out in a professional way, taking account of the patient’s particular circumstances, anxieties and wishes. After the baseline observations were taken, the twelve activities of living were analysed and Kate’s needs were identified. Among the needs identified, breathing and personal hygiene (cleansing) will be explored. Identified Care Needs Breathing Wilkinson (2006) states that a nursing diagnosis is an account about the patient’s current health situation. The normal breathing rate in a fit adult is 16-20 respirations/minute, but can go up to 30 due to pain, anxiety, pyrexia, sepsis, sleep and old age (Jenkins 2008). In old people, muscles become less efficient, resulting in increasing efforts to breathe, causing a high respiratory rate. On assessment, Kate’s problem was breathing that resulted in insufficient intake of air, due to asthma. She was wheezing, cyanosed, anxious and had shortness of breath. Wilkinson (2006) explained that a goal statement is a quantifiable and noticeable criterion that can be used for evaluation. The goal statement in this case would be for Kate to maintain normal breathing and to increase air intake. The prescription of care for Kate depended on the assessment, which was achieved by monitoring her breathing rate, rhythm, pattern, and saturation levels. These were documented hourly, comparing the readings with initial readings to determine changes and to report any concerns. The other part of the plan was to give psychological care to Kate by involving her in her care and informing her about the progress, in order to reduce anxiety. Barrett, Wilson and Woollands (2012) stated that it is very important to give psychological care to patients who are dyspnoeic because they panic and become anxious. Checking and recording of breathing rate and pattern is very important because it is the only good way to assess whether this patient is improving or deteriorating, and it can be a very helpful method for nurses to evaluate whether or not the patient is responding to treatment (Jamieson 2007). Mallon (2010) stated that, if the breathing rate is more than 20, it indicates the need for oxygen. Blows (2001), however, argued that this can happen even after doing exercise, not only in people with respiratory problems. Griffin and Potter (2006) stated that, respirations are normally quiet, and therefore if they are audible it indicates respiratory disease. Nurses needs to be aware of these sounds and what they mean, for example a wheezing sound indicates bronchiole constriction. Kate’s breathing was audible and the rate was also above normal and that is why breathing was prioritised as the first need. Oxygen saturation level was also monitored with the use of a pulse oximeter. The normal saturation level is 95-99% (British National Formulary ((BNF)) 2011a). Nevertheless the doctor said that 90-95% was fine for Kate, considering her condition and her age. Kate was started on two litres of oxygen and she maintained her oxygen saturation between 90 and 94%. The peak expiratory flow was monitored and recorded to identify the obstructive pattern of breathing that takes place in asthma (Hilton, 2005). This is another method that is used to assess the effectiveness of the medication (inhalers) the asthmatic patient is taking, and this test should be carried out 20 minutes after medication is administered. It is the Trust’s policy to do hourly observations on patients who have had one, two or three abnormal readings, until readings return to normal. Kate was observed for any blueness in the lips and tongue and for oral mucosa as this could be a sign of cyanosis. All the prescribed nebulisers, inhalers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics and oxygen therapy were administered according to the doctor’s instructions. Bronchodilators are given to dilate the bronchioles constricted due to asthma, and corticosteroids reduce inflammation in the airway (BNF 2011b). Kate was also started on antibiotics to combat the infection because, on auscultation, the doctor found that the chest was not clear. Kate was nursed in an upright position using pillows and a profiling bed in order to increase chest capacity and facilitate easy respiratory function by use of gravity (Brooker and Nicol, 2011). In this position, Kate was comfortable and calm while other vital signs were being checked. Pulse rate and blood pressure were also being checked and recorded because raised pulse can indicate an infection in the blood. Cleansing Due to breathlessness and loss of mobility it was difficulty for Kate to maintain her personal hygiene. Hygiene is the practice of cleanliness that is needed to maintain health, for example bathing, mouth washing and hair washing. The skin is the first line of defence, so it is vital to maintain personal cleansing to protect the inner organs against injuries and infection (Hemming 2010). Field and Smith (2008) stated that personal cleansing also stimulates the body, produces a sense of well-being, and enables nurses to assess the patient holistically. Personal hygiene is particularly important for the elderly because their skin becomes fragile and more prone to breaking down (Holloway and Jones 2005). Therefore this need was very important for Kate; she needed to maintain her hygiene as she used to, before she was ill. The goal for meeting this need was to maintain personal hygiene and comfort. The care plan prescribed involved first gaining consent from Kate, explaining what was going to be done. Hemming (2010) recommended that identifying the patient’s usual habit is very important because each individual has different ideas about hygiene due to age, culture or religion. Identifying usual habits helps individuals to maintain their social life if things are done according to their wishes. Though Hemming said all human beings need personal hygiene, Holland (2008) argued that it is important to ask patients how they feel about being cleaned, especially in private areas. Kate indicated that she didn’t mind being assisted with washing and dressing. She preferred washing daily, shower and a hair wash once a week, and a mouth wash every morning and before going to bed. Kate was assisted with personal care 5-10 minutes after having her medication, especially the nebuliser. Individuals with asthma experience shortness of breath whenever they are physically active (Ritz, Rosenfield and Steptoe 2010). After having medication Kate was able to participate during personal hygiene. According to NMC guidelines on confidentiality (2009a), privacy and dignity should be maintained when giving care to patients. Therefore, whenever Kate was being assisted with personal care, it was ensured that the screens were closed and she was properly covered. Field and Smith (2008) suggested that assisting a patient with personal hygiene is the time that nurses can assess the patient holistically. Since Kate was immobile, it was very important to check her pressure areas for any redness. She was also checked for any pallor, jaundice, cyanosis or dry skin that needed attention. The care was always carried out according to her wishes. The Role of Inter-Professional Skills Considering Kate’s age and condition, she needed multi-professional teamwork. NMC (2008) encourages teamwork to maintain good quality care. Kate was referred to the respiratory nurse who is specialised in helping people with breathing problems. Since Kate was on oxygen since admission, the respiratory nurse taught her the importance of healthy breathing and taught her some breathing exercises to help wean her from oxygen. Kate was also referred to the physiotherapist who did breathing exercises with her. Kate was not able to walk without aid so she was also referred to the occupational therapy department to assess how she was going to manage at home, or if she required aids to help her manage the activities of living. Upon meeting together, all the multi-disciplinary team agreed that Kate needed a care package, as she could no longer live without care. She was referred to social services so that they could assess this aspect of Kate’s future. After one week Kate was medically fit but could not go home because she was waiting for the care package to be ready. Her nurse shared information with the multi-disciplinary team in order to establish continuity of care for Kate. The team prepared for her discharge: the occupational therapy staff went to visit her home to check if there was enough space for her walking frame; social services arranged for a care package; and her nurses referred her to the district nurse to help her with her medication and make sure it did not run out. Outcome Kate responded well to the medication she was prescribed; normal breathing was maintained, her respirations became normal, ranging from 18 to 20 respirations per minute, and her oxygen saturation ranged from 95% to 99%. Kate was able to wash and dress herself with minimal assistance. She was discharged on a continuous care package comprising care three times a day, and the district nurse helped her with the medication to control her asthma. Evaluation The model of the twelve activities of living was followed successfully on the whole. The nurse collected subjective and objective data, allowing a nursing diagnosis to be formulated, goals to be identified and a care plan to be constructed and implemented. Privacy is very important in carrying out assessments, and this was not achieved fully in Kate’s assessment. However, this lower level of privacy has to be balanced against causing anxiety to the patient. Kate’s daughter thought that the bedside assessment would be more comfortable for her mother, and therefore cause least anxiety. This was very important because of the effects of potential panic on breathing; therefore, this was the correct balance to strike. A multi-disciplinary team was involved in meeting Kate’s care goals. This is a good example of the use of inter-professional skills, as a number of different departments were involved in creating and implementing the care plan. However, the system was not as efficient as it should have been: Kate spent unnecessary time in hospital after recovery because the care plan was not yet in place. Assessment can also take a long time, especially with the elderly who are usually slow to respond. Therefore, more time is needed to be sure that the necessary progress has been achieved before taking further steps. However, poor staffing also affects performance in this area, an observation supported by the Royal College of Nursing (2012). In conclusion, the assessment of this patient was completed successfully, and the deviation from best practice recommendations (the lower level of privacy) was justified by the clinical circumstances. Progress from assessment to care goals was good, and at this point an inter-disciplinary team was used successfully. However, the one flaw in this process was delays, caused partly by the difficulties of working across different departments, and partly, it seems, by staff shortages. Reference List Alabaster, C.S (2011) ‘Care and rehabilitation of people with long term conditions’ in Brooker, C. and Nicol, M. (eds) (2011) Alexander’s Nursing Practice (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone.. Chapter 32 Alfaro–LeFevre, R. (2008) Critical thinking and clinical judgment: A practical approach to outcome-focused thinking (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders. Barrett, D., Wilson, B. and Woollands, A. (2009) Care Planning: A Guide for Nurses (2nd ed). Harlow: Pearson Education. Chapter 2. Blows, W. T. (2001) The Biological Basis of Nursing: Clinical Observations. London: Routledge. British National Formulary (2011a) Oxygen. London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary (2011b) Corticosteroids. London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Brooker, C. and Nicol, M. (eds) (2011) Alexander’s Nursing Practice (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2006) Handbook of Nursing Diagnosis (11th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Doughty, L. and Lister, S. (eds) (2008) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures (student edition) (7th ed). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Elkin, M. K., Perry, A. G. and Potter, P. A. (2007). Nursing Interventions and Clinical Skills. Philadelphia: Mosby. Field, L. and Smith, B. (2008). Nursing Care (2nd ed). Harlow: Pearson Education. Gordon, M., (2008). Nursing Assessment and Diagnostic Reasoning. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis company. Griffin, A., Potter, P. (2006) Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques (6th ed). Philadelphia: Mosby Hemming, L. (2010). ‘Personal Cleansing and Dressing’ in I. Peate (ed) Nursing Care and the Activities of Living. (2nd ed). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Chapter 9. Hilton, A. (2003) Fundamental Nursing Skills. London: John Wiley Sons Holland, K., (2008) ‘An introduction to the Roper-Logan-Tierney model for nursing, based on Activities of Living’ in Holland, K., Jenkins, J., Solomon, J. and Whittam, S. (eds). Applying the Roper, Logan and Tierney Model in Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone. Chapter 1, pp.9-10. Holloway, S. and Jones, V. (2005). ‘The importance of skin care and assessment’ in the British Journal of Nursing Dec 2005-Jan 2006 14(22): 1172-6. Jamieson, E. Whyte, L. A. and McCall, J. A. (2002) Clinical Nursing Practices. London: Churchill Livingstone. Jenkins, J., (2008) ‘Breathing’ in Holland, K., Jenkins, J., Solomon, J and Whittan, S. (eds) Applying the Roper, Logan and Tierney Model in Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone. Chapter. 5. Mallon, S. (2010) ‘Breathing’ in I. Peate (ed) Nursing Care and the Activities of Living (2nd ed). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Chapter 8. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code of Conduct. London: NMC. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Publications/Standards/The-code/Introduction/ Accessed 24/05/2012 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009a) The Code of Conduct: Confidentiality. London: NMC. Available at: (http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Confidentiality/) Accessed 24/05/2012 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009b) Record Keeping: Guidance for Nurses and Midwives. London: NMC. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Guidance/nmcGuidanceRecordKeepingGuidanceforNursesandMidwives.pdf Accessed 24/5/2012 Rennie, I. (2009). ‘Exploring approaches to clinical skills development in nursing education’ in Nursing Times 105: 3, 20-22. Available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/exploring-approaches-to-clinical-skills-development-in-nursing-education/1973990.article Accessed 14/05/2012 Ritz, T., Rosenfield, D. and Steptoe, A. (2010) ‘Physical activity, lung function, and shortness of breath in daily life of asthma patients’ in Chest 138(4), 913-918. Royal College of Nursing (2012) Safe staffing for older people’s wards. Available at: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/439399/Safe_staffing_for_older_people_V3.pdf Accessed: 24/05/2012 Wilkinson, J. M. (2006) Nursing Process and Critical Thinking. (4th ed). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Assessment and Care Planning: Holistic Assessment, Essay examples

The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision

Introduction Non Governmental Organizations, also known as NGOs, are voluntary organizations that are legally constituted and operated independently from government’s influence. Non Governmental Organizations may be partially sponsored by the government or fully sponsored by individuals and private organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those that are partially sponsored by the government usually pursue social interests that have political aspects. It should be noted however, that such Non Governmental Organizations, are not political organizations. Thus, they are very different from political parties. On the other hand those Non Governmental Organizations that are fully sponsored by individuals or other private organizations do not have anything to do with the government apart from providing social welfare services to particular communities. Non Governmental Organizations vary in their methods of operations with some acting as lobby groups and others engaging in activities such as conducting programs. Such programs include poverty alleviation in which the Non Governmental Organizations provide people with the necessary equipment and crucial practical skills so that the poor can find food, clean water and appropriate housing by themselves. Lobbyists on the other hand are human rights groups who deal with matters of rights violations. It is crucial to state in this work that Non Governmental Organizations play a primary role in project management. This means that they are directly involved in the management of their programs to ensure openness and thorough implementations. It is in this area of project management that the NGOs get involved in formulation of the structures of decision making and management in various sectors such as urb an development. NGOs usually work directly with particularly vulnerable communities in making sure that they access the necessary goods and services for their welfare. Development in a Globalizing World Non Governmental Organizations are directly involved in shaping of socioeconomic structures in a community. They have continued to increase in popularity as means of improving the quality of life among the vulnerable population. This is the reason why Non Governmental Organizations have been considered as advocates for development in a globalizing world (Rugendyke 2007: 5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fact comes about because of comparative advantages the NGOs enjoy over other organizations that are mainly headed by the governments. These advantages include their flexibility and high level of innovations. They respond to need more quickly than bilateral and multilate ral donors. They can implement projects at lower costs than other aid delivery organizations. Non Governmental Organizations are more likely to work with local institutions and also emphasize processes of change and skills learnt instead of providing quantified and tangible goods like the official donors. They also take risks associated with working in physically remote areas, government-neglected sectors or other areas that are politically unpopular (Rugendyke 2007: 5-6). Another factor that makes Non Governmental Organizations to increase in popularity as agents of development in the globalizing world is that they have better links with the neediest groups in financially handicapped populations throughout the world. NGOs are not constrained by having to work through governments. They have the capability of working directly with the vulnerable populations using participatory approaches especially in identification and implementation of projects. They have a longer experience of wor king with the local population thereby processing a more accurate knowledge and understanding of local needs and capabilities (Rugendyke 2007: 5-6). They can engage in lobbying and championing for greater global equity and social justice because they are independent from governments interferences. The Intrinsic Advantages of NGOs Non Governmental Organizations enjoy some intrinsic advantages that aid in their operations. These advantages also cushion them against unfair competition from the government organizations and other donor agencies. This is because NGOs depend mainly on well wisher’s contributions who are individuals. Thus, they may sometimes be faced with financial challenges. It is these intrinsic advantages that help NGOs to remain afloat in taking care of the needs of the vulnerable populations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One advantage is that NGOs are less constrained and enjoy the accessibility to modern means of relaying information (Turner 1988: 169-181). Despite political threats experienced in many countries, NGOs are free to say and publish anything they wish. Since they are not involved in internal government’s affairs, NGO staffs are not subject to official or diplomatic secret acts. Usually, the NGO staffs have personal contacts with the news people, a fact further boosted by their high literacy levels. Thus, they can share information and experiences pretty easily. Another advantage the NGOs enjoy is that they have the freedom of communication. For this reason, it is quite easier for them to identify and get into contact with individuals and groups who are involved with the same activities, or who share the same views. Thus, they can organize meetings with specific people they would like to reach. For this reason, it becomes less costly for NGOs to exchange information and services. It has also been a growing trend of increase in trust of NGOs by the vulnerable populations such as the poor and the oppressed. This is because they are relatively independent from both the state and the market forces (Turner 1988: 169-181). Bilateral and multilateral NGOs usually have greater influence if they are based in a nation that is dependent on their trade, aid, as well as political protection. NGOs can therefore act as mediators between parties that do not trust each other due to the atmosphere of hostility prevailing between them. The above three intrinsic advantages of NGOs make it possible for them to be able to co-ordinate the roles of public agencies in project management. This is mostly achieved when the NGOs assume the role of managers, or as community developers. The mediating aspect of NGOs also enables them to act in different sectors. This further enables them to be more responsive to the different demands and activities of a local community like job creation, education and healthcare provision (Turner 1988: 169-181).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contributions of NGOs in Developing Countries through Reformation of Land Policies and Housing Development The necessity of reforms comes in the wake of the period in which the journey toward the lawful acquisition of a plot of land is long and full of confusion. This is because the process involves access to land, registration of land and the acquisition of permission to develop the land which involves a lot of time. In short, the whole process is unduly cumbersome and it involves costly procedures which make the legal system very difficult to access. In many developing countries, Non Governmental Organizations aid in the process of acquisition of lands. It should be noted however, that such land that is acquired by many NGOs in developing countries are mainly communal lands. This means that the acquired land is used for community purposes. It is in these lands that buildings that house community development agencies, NGO offices and other matters of concern to the NGO’s pro grams are built. Voluntary organizations such as specific traditional authorities constitute important interest groups. These groups form a part of the official land management procedures. In the past, many African societies were caught in between the government and such interest groups. This is because the interest groups were more social oriented. However, these groups have continued to shift their modes of approaches from a social to an economic, more market oriented approach (Farvacque McAuslan 1992: VII). Hence major developments related to policy framework concerned with urban infrastructural development have been achieved through the use of voluntary agencies. Non Governmental Organizations have been involved in helping vulnerable communities acquire land. The aid usually comes in form of subsidized cost, less registration procedures and legislative assistance that decrease the amount of resources the target group can use. It is after this process of easier land acquisition that urban communities engage in development activities that include building of their own urban houses. Non Governmental Organizations have also partnered with governments in many urban housing projects that provide poor city dwellers with cheaper rental houses. In many countries in the world, the private sector has been closely involved with the government in building cheaper houses in cities. In Singapore for example, the government has partnered with private sectors in designing and developing diverse kinds of houses in order to expand the range of models available. In this situation the government has authorized the private sector to participate in designing and developing public housing so that urban dwellers may be able to access cheaper housing. As a result of this cooperation, the proportion of owned to rented public dwellings has grown steadily, expanding from 42 per cent in 1980 to 64 per cent 1985, and reaching 80 per cent in 1990 (Shigetomi 2002: 204). In addition to th e above involvements, NGOs have also played a major role in disaster management and reconstructions. A god example is the reconstruction projects of the December 2004 Tsunami in the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The adverse effects of the earthquake led to the more than four hundred agencies flooding into the area with funding and promise of brighter future (Fengler and Kharas 2010: 44). This is a good example that shows the importance of NGO synergies in reconstruction and project management in an urban set up. There are several proposed policies for NGOs that aid in provision of housing for the poorest income group. NGOs are usually encouraged to help the capacity building of the urban poor. They also aid in slum improvement projects. Another way that the NGOs would come in handy is by building cooperative housing. The NGOs in partnership with the government can act as guarantors against loan for housing for the poor. The Role of NGOs for Low Income Groups The society can be cat egorized into three sub sectors. The sub sectors include the state, the market and the voluntary sector. At this particular instance, the voluntary sector shall be discussed in a brief but comprehensive manner. The voluntary sector engulfs the civil societies including Non Governmental Organizations. It is worth noting that NGOs are independent organizations that seek neither coercion nor profit to implement their programs. That is why they are also called non-profit organizations. The role of non profit organization depends heavily on politics and the system of governance prevailing in a particular country. Thus democratization improves the performance of Non Governmental Organizations. Governments can enact some macro-policy reforms which can improve the activities of Non Governmental Organizations. These policies include alteration of interest rates and exchange rates, and removal of bureaucratic barriers. This will enhance the growth and development of non profit organizations s uch as co-operatives. Many Non Governmental Organizations will also respond and co-work with the government if the particular government’s policy reflects that of alleviating the sufferings of a particular vulnerable population. Non Governmental Organizations have also been involved in propagating conscientization ideologies to the poor so that their actions are not just to improve the living standards of the poor but also to help the poor to perceive their exploitation and to decipher the opportunities available for overcoming such exploitation through mass organization (Clark 1991: 36). Non Governmental Organizations are known to supplement the government’s responsibilities in many sectors related to development and welfare. The roles they play are very crucial to a country’s development in infrastructure and real estate. It is therefore not coincidental that most NGOs target the poor who reside mainly in cities (Rahman Not Dated: 18). This is because in most developing countries, most urban areas are characterized by lack of proper housing. The main suppliers of housing are private entrepreneurs. The typical housing facilities in such areas are usually costly due to the demand. Many governments in such countries are thus unable to meet the huge housing demands thereby involving the Non Governmental Organizations which engage a participatory approach to deliver shelter and credits to these populations (Rahman Not Dated: 17). It is through such initiatives that middle income units and low income units are built. Many NGOs are thus involved in providing credits to the poor so that they can purchase the housing units (Nenova 2010: 19). Problems of NGOs in Housing the Urban Poor Non governmental Organizations also have a share of their challenges just like other organizations. Many movements have been engaged in logistic and diplomatic battles when they want to implement certain projects. The problems involve resistance from the status quo. The status quo includes a section of the people within the community in question. These people may challenge the implementation of NGOs’ programs because they may feel threatened especially if the program in question is one that involves their particular interest. Some government agencies may also prove to be firm stumbling blocks especially if the system of governance does not provide specific and firm legislation concerning particular interests. In many instances, Non Governmental Organizations have found it quite challenging to persuade residents of a particular vulnerable community to cooperate with each other. This is especially evident in a multicultural society within an urban set up. Even if such persuasion becomes successful, the particular project may be faced with a successive challenge emanating from the complex intertwining interests of the community. This is because many people will want to see the returns of a Non Governmental program within short periods. Anot her challenge comes in during the implementation phase of a particular project. Many residents who are comfortable with the status quo often give the implementers a hard time in changing from one aspect of life to the other. For instance, many slum residents may resist the demolition of their houses even if they have been offered cheaper and better housing elsewhere. Such problems were experienced in Korea during the 1980s, when Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) was engaged in poverty alleviation and housing improvements in the slums (Ha 2002: 224). However, the Non Governmental Organizations are looking into ways of dealing with such issues. Actually, at the moment, most of the Non Governmental Organizations that are more experienced have been able to tackle the problem using less violent means such as legislative measures Conclusion NGOs are voluntary organizations that are legally constituted and operated independently from government influence. They may be p artially sponsored by the government or fully sponsored by individuals and private organizations. Those that are partially sponsored by the government usually pursue social interests that have political aspects. It should be noted however, that such Non Governmental Organizations, are not political organizations. Non Governmental Organizations are directly involved in shaping of socioeconomic structures in a community. They have continued to increase in popularity as means of improving the quality of life among the vulnerable population. This is the reason why Non Governmental Organizations have been considered as advocates for development in a globalizing world. In many countries in the world, the private sector has been closely involved with the government in building urban houses. In Singapore for example, the government has partnered with private sectors in designing and developing diverse kinds of houses in order to expand the range of models available. Non Governmental Organiz ations have also been involved in propagating conscientization ideologies to the poor so that their actions are not just to improve the living standards of the poor but also to help the poor to perceive their exploitation and to decipher the opportunities available for overcoming such exploitation through mass organization Reference List Clark, J., 1991. What Are The Voluntary Organizations And Where Have They Come From? From Clark, John, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations pp. 34-51, London: Earthscan@ Farvacque, C., McAuslan, P. 1992. Reforming Urban Land Policies and Institutions in Developing Countries. The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington. Fengler, W., Kharas, H. 2010. Delivering and Differently: Lessons from the Field. The Brookings Institution, Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20036. Ha, S., 2002. The role of NGOs for low-income groups in Korean society. Environmental urbanization Vol 14 No 1 A pril 2002. Nenova, T. 2010. Expanding Housing Finance To The Underserved In South Asia: Market Review And Forward Agenda: The World Bank. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington DC 20433. Rahman, M. Not Dated. Role of the NGOs in Urban Housing for the Poor in Dhaka, Bangladesh. GBER Vol. 5 No. 1 pp 16-29. [Online] Web. Rugendyke, B., 2007. NGOs as Advocates for Development in a Globalizing World. Routledge, New York. Shigetomi, S., 2002. The state and NGOs: Perspective from Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Pasir Panjang, Singapore. Turner, J., 1988. Conclusions from Turner, Bertha, Building community: a Third World case book pp. 169-181. London, Community Books @ This essay on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development was written and submitted by user Matthias Hansen to help you with your own studies. 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Beastiality essays

Beastiality essays This is the story of Danny and his dog Mike who face many dangers in the wilderness. You can learn from this that good can come from things you once thought were useless and change to This story takes place in the wilderness of the Wintapi. It is mostly in the woods and rough The main character in the story is Danny who gets caught in a snowstorm. The major-minor characters are Ross , which is Dannys dad , and Mike the dog. The conflict in the story is character vs. nature and character vs. man. Together, Danny and Mike face a snowstorm and then prove to all the people in the Wintapi that Irish setters are the Danny and Ross always thought of Mike as the runt of the litter. Even though he was the son of a champion , he was considered a muttonhead. It wasnt until Danny and Mike were stranded in the woods that Mike began to change. Before then , he was hard headed and didnt listen. Now after his experiences in the woods he begins to mature an live up to blood line. Ross knew he had it in him all along but now he just has to prove he is the best to all the people in the Wintapi. Mike is entered in a field trial against one of the best English setters around. After finding more birds , Mike is the winner of the test. Danny and Ross are very proud that they discovered the true Many people in the Wintapi thought that English setters were the best dogs around. But after Mike won the trial , the Irish setter name got all the credit and respect that it deserved. I thought The story was interesting because I like those kind of adventure stories. ...

ESL Newscast Lesson Plan

ESL Newscast Lesson Plan Media is an ever-present reality and one that students are intimately familiar with. As such, diving into the media landscape offers multiple avenues for interesting lessons that will hold students attention. You can start by studying media-related words so that students are familiar with the basics. From there, lesson plans can revolve around anything from watching news videos on YouTube to publishing a class newspaper. One activity that helps students cover a variety of media related themes is to have students create and act out a newscast. The larger the class, the more roles students can take on. Perhaps your class might even put up the final version online. ESL Newscast Lesson Plan Breakdown Aim: Develop a working knowledge of vocabulary related to mediaActivity: Creating a newscastLevel: Intermediate to advanced Lesson Activities Study media-related vocabulary covering the basics of printed and broadcast video.Discuss different roles on news broadcasts including anchorpersons, meteorologists, and sports reporters.  Compare and contrast printed and broadcast media and how they are currently used in our daily lives.Watch a video on YouTube or on TV of a typical newscast together as a class. Its not necessary to watch an entire broadcast. However, students should have a chance to become familiar with a range of reports.Watch the newscast a second time and ask students to take note of typical phrases used to introduce various reports and reporters, as well as make transitions.Review transition phrases in small groups with students matching language functions to appropriate phrases.Ask students to write out two alternate phrases for each language function.  As a class, review possible phrases. Write phrases on the whiteboard, or take note in a document to print out for students.Ask groups to read a transcript of a typical broadcast. Ive included an easy version below, but advanced classes should be able to handle actual broadcast transcripts. Next, students  script out a short newscast in groups of four to six. One student should take on the role of anchorperson, one as the weatherperson, another as a sports reporter. For larger groups, add various reporters as required. For example, one group might have a gossip reporter from Hollywood, another group might have a reporter on assignment in China, etc.  Ask students to work together to write a short newscast with each student responsible for his or her own role / report.Review students scripts as needed and help out with transitional language.Have students practice the newscast until they can deliver the news  comfortably with little reference to the script.  Enjoy the newscasts as a class. If its really good, share the newscast online.  Afterwards, repeat the fun with this lesson on writing dramatic scripts as a class. Newscaster Language Match the following purpose to the jargon phrases that follow. Once youve matched the phrases, come up with two additional phrases that might be used to accomplish the same function: Opening the newscastAnnouncing the headlinesIntroducing the weatherCutting to a commercialTransitioning to a new storyIntroducing live coverageIntroducing the sports segmentInterrupting the newscast for breaking newsUsing pleasant small talk to finish the newsSigning off from the broadcast Broadcast Journalism Jargon Excuse me, we have a developing situation ...Good evening and here is tonights important news.Hi Steve, were on the ground here in downtown ...How about that game last night!Its pretty wet out there, isnt it?Lets get out there and enjoy some of the good weather.Lets turn to a story about ...Stay tuned, well be right back.Thank you for tuning in. Well be back at eleven with important updates.Tonights stories include ...(Answer Key Below) Example News Transcript Read this transcript and take note how transitional phrases are used during a news broadcast. Once you have finished, plan your own newscast with classmates. Anchor: Good evening and welcome to the local news. Tonights stories include the story of a boy and his dog, a look at improving employment figures, and a clip of the Timbers win at home last night. But first, lets check in on the weather. Tom, hows the weather looking?Meteorologist: Thank you Linda. Its been a beautiful day today, hasnt it? We had a high of 93 and a low of 74. The day started off with a few clouds, but weve had sunny skies since two oclock. We can expect more of the same tomorrow. Over to you Linda.Anchor: Thank you Tom, yes its a wonderful time of the year. Were so lucky with our weather.Meteorologist: Thats right!Anchor: Lets turn to a sweet story of a boy and his dog. Last night a dog was left in the parking lot sixty miles away from its home. The dogs owner, a boy of eight, tried everything to find Cindy. Yesterday, Cindy came home and scratched on the front door. John Smithers has more. John?Reporter: Thank you Linda. Yes, little Tom Anders is a happy boy tonig ht. Cindy, as you can see, is now playing in the backyard. She arrived home after having come more than sixty miles to reunite with Tom! As you can see, theyre overjoyed to be reunited.Anchor: Thank you John. Thats good news indeed! Now, lets check in with Anna for a look at last nights Timbers victory.Sports reporter: Timbers hit it big last night. Beating the Sounders 3-1. Alessandro Vespucci scored the first two goals, followed by Kevin Browns incredible header in the last minute.Anchor: Wow, that sounds exciting! Well, thank you everyone. This has been the evening news. Newscaster Language Answer Key Interrupting the newscast for breaking newsOpening the newscastIntroducing live coverageIntroducing the sports segmentIntroducing the weatherUsing pleasant small talk to finish the newsTransitioning to a new storyCutting to a commercialSigning off from the broadcastAnnouncing the headlines

Purposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Purposal - Essay Example care profession grew I came to the realization that there was a significant lack of the application of leadership thinking and development of employee skill. This aspect combined with my thirst for learning new principles and theories which would be applicable to my organization and update my knowledge in leadership. Based on these goals to enhance my leadership skills I have chosen to do a master program in HR and Change Leadership as a strategic move which would allow me to improve the health service and explore ways that would aid health care employees perform superiorly. How this leadership doctoral program helps to meet my needs is in the way it’s not just a distinctive degree program but also it focuses on the application of theory to real life situations. This would facilitate my leadership and educational goals in the way I can tackle various challenges at work with solutions based on an understanding of leadership and organizational theory. Furthermore the course fulf ills my need in the way it enables me to maintain a reasonable work-life balance and thoroughly examine various aspects of the healthcare industry and how leadership can be used as a strategic tool to bring about accelerated social, cultural, administrative and technological change in the field. There are numerous learning aspects as far as this course goes, that contribute to my healthcare profession. Firstly due to the process of preparing for the numerous assigned HR readings and interacting with my peers and learning from their work experiences in diverse backgrounds has been a great help. From the basic elements which have molded my perception towards the critical role that Human Resource plays in the success and future of an organization. This field has facilitated not just my ability to be innovative and creative professionally but also helped me gain more experience and insight into the health care field. Through active participation in group discussions I have learnt how various